Ngā āhuatanga o te hua
1. Ka taea te neke i te hope. Me pupuri te kaiwhakahaere i te mahunga o te tūroro whakaata ki te ringa kotahi, ā, me pupuri pūmau te hononga waewae o ngā waewae o raro e rua ki te ringa kē atu kia piko te tuaiwi, kia whānui ake ai te wāhi tuaiwi kia oti ai te wero. 2. He tika te hanganga o te kiko hope, ā, e kitea ana ngā tohu o te mata o te tinana: e 1~5 ngā tuaiwi hope (tinana tuaiwi, pereti āwhata tuaiwi, tukanga hiku), sacrum, hiatus sacral, koki sacral, hononga hiku matua, hononga interspinous, hononga kōwhai, dura mater me te omentum, tae atu ki te subomentum, te wāhi epidural me te awa sacral i hangaia e ngā kiko o runga ake nei: te tuaiwi iliac matua o muri, te tihi iliac, te tukanga tuaiwi thoracic me te tukanga tuaiwi hope ka tino kitea. 3. Ko ngā mahi e whai ake nei ka taea: te whakamoe i te hope, te wero i te hope, te aukati epidural, te aukati io caudal, te aukati io sacral, te aukati io sympathetic hope 4. Te āhua o te wero i te hope: Ina tae te ngira wero ki te hononga kōwhai kua whakaatahia, ka piki ake te ātete, ā, ka kitea he kaha, ā, ka kitea he pouri i te pakaru o te hononga kōwhai. Arā, ki roto i te wāhi epidural, ka puta he pēhanga kino (i tēnei wā, ko te werohanga o te wai whakamoe he whakamoe epidural): ki te werohia tonutia te ngira, ka werohia te dura me te omentum, ka puta he ahua tuarua o te korenga, arā, ki roto i te wāhi subomentum, ka puta he rere o te wai roro kua whakaatahia. Ka whakaatahia e te tukanga katoa te āhua tūturu o te wero i te hope haumanu.