Me whai pūkenga whakaaro haumanu whai hua ngā kaimahi kia taea ai e rātou te whakatau tika, haumaru hoki i ngā mahi haumanu, me te karo hoki i ngā hapa mahi. Ka taea e ngā pūkenga whakaaro haumanu ngoikore te whakararu i te haumaru o te tūroro, me te whakaroa i te tiaki, i te maimoatanga rānei, inā koa i roto i ngā tari tiaki nui me ngā tari ohorere. Ka whakamahia e te whakangungu whakaata-whakaata ngā kōrero ako whakaaroaro i muri i te whakaata-whakaata hei tikanga arotake hei whakawhanake i ngā pūkenga whakaaro haumanu me te pupuri tonu i te haumaru o te tūroro. Heoi, nā te āhua maha o te whakaaro haumanu, te mōrearea pea o te taumaha rawa o te hinengaro, me te whakamahinga rerekē o ngā tukanga whakaaro haumanu tātari (whakaaro-whakaaro) me te kore-tātari (mārama) e ngā kaiuru whakaata matatau me ngā kaiuru whakaata-iti, he mea nui kia whakaarohia te wheako, ngā pūkenga, ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te rere me te nui o ngā mōhiohio, me te uaua o te take hei arotau i te whakaaro haumanu mā te whai wāhi atu ki ngā kōrero ako whakaaroaro rōpū i muri i te whakaata-whakaata hei tikanga arotake. Ko tā mātou whāinga he whakaahua i te whanaketanga o tētahi tauira kōrero ako whakaaroaro i muri i te whakaata-whakaata e whakaaro ana ki ngā āhuatanga maha e awe ana i te whakatutukitanga o te arotau whakaaro haumanu.
I mahi tahi tētahi rōpū mahi hoahoa-tahi (N = 18), he mea tito mai i ngā tākuta, ngā nēhi, ngā kairangahau, ngā kaiako, me ngā māngai tūroro, i roto i ngā awheawhe maha hei whakawhanake tahi i tētahi tauira kōrero ako whakaaroaro i muri i te whakatauira hei whakamārama i te whakatauira. I whakawhanakehia e te rōpū mahi hoahoa-tahi te tauira mā roto i tētahi tukanga ariā me te ariā me te arotake hoa-maha-wāhanga. E whakaponohia ana ko te whakaurunga ōrite o te rangahau aromatawai tāpiri/tango me te whakarōpūtanga a Bloom ka arotau i te whakaaro haumanu o ngā kaiuru whakatauira i a rātou e whai wāhi ana ki ngā mahi whakatauira. I whakamahia ngā tikanga taupū mana ihirangi (CVI) me te ōwehenga mana ihirangi (CVR) hei whakatū i te mana kanohi me te mana ihirangi o te tauira.
I whakawhanakehia, i whakamatautauria hoki tētahi tauira kōrero ako whakaaroaro i muri i te whakatauira. E tautokona ana te tauira e ngā tauira kua mahihia me ngā aratohu tuhituhi. I aromatawaitia, ā, i whakaūtia te mana o te mata me te ihirangi o te tauira.
I hangaia te tauira hoahoa-tahi hou me te whai whakaaro ki ngā pūkenga me ngā āheinga o ngā momo kaiuru whakatauira, te rere me te nui o ngā mōhiohio, me te uaua o ngā take whakatauira. E whakaarohia ana mā ēnei āhuatanga ka pai ake te whakaaro haumanu i te wā e whai wāhi ana ki ngā mahi whakatauira rōpū.
Ko te whakaaro haumanu te tūāpapa o te mahi haumanu i roto i te tiaki hauora [1, 2] me te mea nui o te pūkenga haumanu [1, 3, 4]. He tukanga whakaaroaro e whakamahia ana e ngā kaimahi hei tautuhi me te whakatinana i te wawaotanga tino tika mō ia āhuatanga haumanu e tūtaki ana rātou [5, 6]. E whakaahuatia ana te whakaaro haumanu hei tukanga hinengaro matatini e whakamahi ana i ngā rautaki whakaaro ōkawa me ngā rautaki whakaaro kore ōkawa hei kohikohi me te tātari i ngā mōhiohio mō te tūroro, hei aromatawai i te hiranga o aua mōhiohio, me te whakatau i te uara o ngā huarahi mahi rerekē [7, 8]. Kei runga i te kaha ki te kohikohi tohu, ki te tukatuka i ngā mōhiohio, me te mārama ki te raruraru o te tūroro kia taea ai te mahi tika mō te tūroro tika i te wā tika me te take tika [9, 10].
E pā ana ngā kaiwhakarato hauora katoa ki te hiahia ki te whakatau uaua i roto i ngā āhuatanga tino koretake [11]. I roto i te mahi tiaki nui me te tiaki ohorere, ka puta ngā āhuatanga haumanu me ngā ohorere ka nui te urupare me te wawaotanga wawe ki te whakaora i ngā oranga me te whakarite i te haumaru o te tūroro [12]. Ko te ngoikore o ngā pūkenga whakaaro haumanu me te matatau ki te mahi tiaki nui e pā ana ki te pikinga ake o ngā hapa haumanu, te whakaroa i te tiaki, te maimoatanga rānei [13] me ngā mōrearea ki te haumaru o te tūroro [14,15,16]. Hei karo i ngā hapa mahi, me mātau ngā kaimahi me te whai pūkenga whakaaro haumanu whai hua ki te whakatau haumaru me te tika [16, 17, 18]. Ko te tukanga whakaaro kore-tātari (mārama) te tukanga tere e pai ana ki ngā kaimahi ngaio. He rerekē, ko ngā tukanga whakaaro tātari (whakaaro-whakaaro) he puhoi ake, he āta whakaaro ake, ā, he maha ake te whakamahi e ngā kaimahi iti ake te wheako [2, 19, 20]. I runga i te uaua o te taiao haumanu hauora me te mōrearea pea o ngā hapa mahi [14,15,16], he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te mātauranga whakaata-whakaari (SBE) hei whakarato i ngā whai wāhitanga ki ngā kaimahi ki te whakawhanake i te pūkenga me ngā pūkenga whakaaro haumanu. te taiao haumaru me te tūponotanga ki ngā momo take wero me te pupuri tonu i te haumaru o te tūroro [21, 22, 23, 24].
E whakamārama ana te Society for Simulation in Health (SSH) i te whakatauira hei "hangarau e hanga ana i tētahi āhuatanga, i tētahi taiao rānei e wheako ai te tangata i ngā whakaaturanga o ngā kaupapa tūturu hei mahi, hei whakangungu, hei aromatawai, hei whakamātautau, hei whiwhi māramatanga rānei mō ngā pūnaha tangata, mō ngā whanonga rānei." [23] Mā ngā wā whakatauira kua whakaritea pai ka whai wāhi ngā kaiuru ki te rumaki i a rātou anō ki ngā horopaki e whakatauira ana i ngā āhuatanga haumanu me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea haumaru [24,25] me te mahi i ngā whakaaro haumanu mā roto i ngā whai wāhitanga ako kua whakaritea [21,24,26,27,28] Ka whakarei ake te SBE i ngā wheako haumanu o te mara, ka whakaatu i ngā ākonga ki ngā wheako haumanu kāore pea i pā ki a rātou i roto i ngā tautuhinga tiaki tūroro tūturu [24, 29]. He taiao ako kore-whakamataku, kore-whakahē, he tirotirohia, he haumaru, he iti-mōrearea tēnei. Ka whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te mātauranga, ngā pūkenga haumanu, ngā āheinga, te whakaaroaro arohaehae me te whakaaro haumanu [22,29,30,31] ā, ka taea te āwhina i ngā tohunga hauora ki te wikitoria i te ahotea kare ā-roto o tētahi āhuatanga, ā, ka whakapai ake i te āheinga ako [22, 27, 28]. , 30, 32].
Hei tautoko i te whanaketanga whai hua o te whakaaro haumanu me ngā pūkenga whakatau kaupapa mā te SBE, me aro nui ki te hoahoa, te tauira, me te hanganga o te tukanga arotake i muri i te whakatauira [24, 33, 34, 35]. I whakamahia ngā kōrerorero ako whakaaroaro (RLC) i muri i te whakatauira hei tikanga arotake hei āwhina i ngā kaiuru ki te whakaaroaro, ki te whakamārama i ngā mahi, me te whakamahi i te mana o te tautoko a ngā hoa me te whakaaro rōpū i roto i te horopaki o te mahi tahi [32, 33, 36]. Ko te whakamahinga o ngā RLC rōpū he mōrearea pea o te whakaaro haumanu kāore i te tino whanake, inā koa e pā ana ki ngā pūkenga rerekē me ngā taumata kaumatua o ngā kaiuru. E whakaahua ana te tauira tukanga takirua i te āhua maha-ahu o te whakaaro haumanu me ngā rerekētanga o te hiahia o ngā kaimahi matua ki te whakamahi i ngā tukanga whakaaro tātari (whakaaro-whakaaro) me ngā kaimahi iti ki te whakamahi i ngā tukanga whakaaro kore-tātari (mārama) [34, 37]. ]. Ko ēnei tukanga whakaaro takirua e uru ana ki te wero o te whakarerekē i ngā tukanga whakaaro pai ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē, ā, kāore i te mārama, i te tautohetia hoki me pēhea te whakamahi whai hua i ngā tikanga tātari me ngā tikanga kore-tātari ina he hunga tau tuawhā me ngā tau tuatoru i roto i te rōpū tauira kotahi. Ka whai wāhi ngā ākonga kura tuarua me ngā kura tuarua o ngā pūkenga me ngā taumata wheako rerekē ki ngā horopaki whakatauira o ngā uauatanga rerekē [34, 37]. Ko te āhua maha-ahu o te whakaaro haumanu e pā ana ki te mōrearea pea o te whakaaro haumanu kāore i te tino whanake me te taumaha hinengaro, inā koa ka whai wāhi ngā kaimahi ki ngā SBE rōpū me ngā uauatanga take rerekē me ngā taumata o te kaumātuatanga [38]. He mea nui kia mōhio ahakoa he maha ngā tauira arotake e whakamahi ana i te RLC, kāore tētahi o ēnei tauira i hangaia me te arotahi motuhake ki te whakawhanake i ngā pūkenga whakaaro haumanu, me te whakaaro ki te wheako, te pūkenga, te rere me te nui o ngā mōhiohio, me ngā āhuatanga uaua whakatauira [38]. , 39]. Ko ēnei katoa e hiahia ana ki te whakawhanake i tētahi tauira hanganga e whakaaro ana ki ngā takoha me ngā āhuatanga awe hei arotau i te whakaaro haumanu, me te whakauru i te RLC whai muri i te whakatauira hei tikanga pūrongo. Ka whakaahuahia e mātou tētahi tukanga e ārahihia ana e ngā ariā me ngā ariā mō te hoahoa tahi me te whakawhanake i tētahi RLC whai muri i te whakatauira. I whakawhanakehia he tauira hei arotau i ngā pūkenga whakaaro haumanu i te wā e whai wāhi ana ki te SBE, me te whai whakaaro ki te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga āwhina me te awe hei whakatutuki i te whanaketanga whakaaro haumanu tino pai.
I whakawhanakehia ngātahitia te tauira whai muri i te whakatauira RLC i runga i ngā tauira me ngā ariā o nāianei mō te whakaaro haumanu, te ako whakaaroaro, te mātauranga, me te whakatauira. Hei whakawhanake tahi i te tauira, i whakatūria he rōpū mahi tahi (N = 18), arā, tekau mā tahi ngā nēhi tiaki nui, kotahi te tohunga tiaki nui, me ētahi māngai tokotoru o ngā tūroro kua whakaurua ki te hōhipera o ngā taumata rerekē, ngā wheako, me ngā ira tangata. Kotahi te wāhanga tiaki nui, e rua ngā kaiawhina rangahau, me ētahi kaiwhakaako nēhi matua e rua. Ka hangaia, ka whakawhanakehia hoki tēnei auahatanga hoahoa tahi mā te mahi tahi a ngā hoa whai pānga me ngā wheako o te ao tūturu i roto i te hauora, arā, ngā tohunga hauora e whai wāhi ana ki te whakawhanaketanga o te tauira kua whakaarohia, ētahi atu whai pānga rānei pērā i ngā tūroro [40,41,42]. Mā te whakauru i ngā māngai tūroro ki te tukanga hoahoa tahi ka taea te tāpiri uara ki te tukanga, nā te mea ko te whāinga matua o te kaupapa ko te whakapai ake i te tiaki me te haumaru o ngā tūroro [43].
I whakahaerehia e te rōpū mahi ngā awheawhe e ono, e 2-4 hāora te roa, hei whakawhanake i te hanganga, ngā tukanga me ngā ihirangi o te tauira. Kei roto i te awheawhe he kōrero, he mahi, me te whakatauira. Ko ngā wāhanga o te tauira e ahu mai ana i te whānuitanga o ngā rauemi, ngā tauira, ngā ariā me ngā anga e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga. Kei roto i ēnei ko: te ariā ako hanga [44], te ariā takirua [37], te koropiko whakaaro haumanu [10], te tikanga uiuinga maioha (AI) [45], me te tikanga pūrongo tāpiri/delta [46]. I whakawhanakehia ngātahitia te tauira i runga i ngā paerewa tukanga whakatauira INACSL a te International Nurses Association mō te mātauranga haumanu me te whakatauira [36] ā, i whakakotahihia ki ngā tauira mahi hei hanga i tētahi tauira whakamārama-ake. I whakawhanakehia te tauira i roto i ngā wāhanga e whā: te whakarite mō te kōrero ako whakaaroaro i muri i te whakatauira, te tīmatanga o te kōrero ako whakaaroaro, te tātari/whakaaroaro me te whakatauira (Pikitia 1). Kei raro nei ngā taipitopito o ia wāhanga.
Ko te wāhanga whakarite o te tauira he mea hanga hei whakarite hinengaro i ngā kaiuru mō te wāhanga e whai ake nei, me te whakanui ake i tā rātou whai wāhi kaha me te haumitanga me te whakarite i te haumaru hinengaro [36, 47]. Kei roto i tēnei wāhanga he whakataki ki te kaupapa me ngā whāinga; te roa e tumanakohia ana mō te RLC; ngā tumanakohanga a te kaiārahi me ngā kaiuru i te wā o te RLC; te whakatakotoranga o te papaanga me te whakarite whakatauira; te whakarite i te noho muna i roto i te taiao ako, me te whakanui ake me te whakarei ake i te haumaru hinengaro. Ko ngā whakautu māngai e whai ake nei mai i te rōpū mahi hoahoa tahi i whakaarohia i te wā o mua i te whanaketanga o te tauira RLC. Kaiuru 7: "Hei nēhi tiaki tuatahi, mehemea kei te whai wāhi ahau ki tētahi whakatauira me te kore he horopaki o tētahi horopaki me te hunga kaumātua kei reira, tera pea ka karo ahau i te whai wāhi ki te kōrero i muri i te whakatauira mena kāore au i te whakaaro kei te whakautehia taku haumaru hinengaro. ā, ka karo ahau i te whai wāhi ki ngā kōrero i muri i te whakatauira. "Kia tiakina, ā, kāore he hua." Kaiuru 4: "Ki taku whakaaro ko te arotahi me te whakatū i ngā ture whenua i te wā tuatahi ka āwhina i ngā ākonga i muri i te whakatauira. Te whai wāhi kaha ki ngā kōrero ako whakaaroaro."
Ko ngā wāhanga tuatahi o te tauira RLC ko te tūhura i ngā kare ā-roto o te kaiuru, te whakaahua i ngā tukanga matua me te tātaritanga i te horopaki, me te whakarārangi i ngā wheako pai me ngā wheako kino o te kaiuru, engari kaua te tātari. Ko te tauira i tēnei wāhanga i hangaia hei whakatenatena i ngā kaitono kia aro ki a rātou anō me te aro ki ngā mahi, me te whakarite hinengaro mō te tātari hohonu me te whakaaroaro hohonu [24, 36]. Ko te whāinga he whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te taumahatanga hinengaro [48], inā koa mō te hunga hou ki te kaupapa o te whakatauira, ā, kāore he wheako haumanu o mua ki te pūkenga/kaupapa [49]. Mā te tono i ngā kaiuru ki te whakaahua poto i te take whakatauira me te tuku taunakitanga tātaritanga ka āwhina i te kaiārahi kia mōhio kei te whai māramatanga taketake me te whānui o ngā ākonga o te rōpū mō te take i mua i te neke atu ki te wāhanga tātari/whakaaro whānui. Hei tāpiri, mā te tono i ngā kaiuru i tēnei wāhanga ki te whakapuaki i ō rātou kare ā-roto i roto i ngā horopaki whakatauira ka āwhina i a rātou ki te wikitoria i te ahotea kare ā-roto o te āhuatanga, ā, mā reira ka whakarei ake i te ako [24, 36]. Mā te aro ki ngā take kare ā-roto ka āwhina hoki i te kaiārahi RLC ki te mārama ki te pānga o ngā kare ā-roto o ngā kaiuru ki te mahi takitahi me te mahi rōpū, ā, ka taea te matapaki i tēnei i te wā whakaaroaro/tātari. Kua whakauruhia te tikanga Plus/Delta ki roto i tēnei wāhanga o te tauira hei taahiraa whakarite me te whakatau mō te wāhanga whakaaroaro/tātari [46]. Mā te whakamahi i te huarahi Plus/Delta, ka taea e ngā kaiuru me ngā ākonga te tukatuka/whakarārangi i ā rātou kitenga, kare ā-roto me ngā wheako o te whakatauira, ka taea te matapaki i muri mai i te wāhanga whakaaroaro/tātari o te tauira [46]. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i ngā kaiuru ki te whakatutuki i tētahi āhua hinengaro-whakaaro mā roto i ngā whai wāhitanga ako kua whakaritea me ngā whai wāhitanga matua hei arotau i te whakaaro haumanu [24, 48, 49]. Ko ngā whakautu māngai e whai ake nei mai i te rōpū mahi hoahoa tahi i whakaarohia i te wā o te whanaketanga tuatahi o te tauira RLC. Kaiuru 2: "Ki taku whakaaro, hei tūroro kua whakaurua ki te ICU i mua, me whakaaro tātou ki ngā kare ā-roto me ngā kare ā-roto o ngā ākonga whakatauira. Ka whakaarahia e au tēnei take nā te mea i taku whakaurunga i kite ahau i ngā taumata teitei o te ahotea me te manukanuka, inā koa i waenga i ngā kaimahi tiaki mate nui. me ngā āhuatanga ohorere. Me whai whakaaro tēnei tauira ki te ahotea me ngā kare ā-roto e pā ana ki te whakatauira i te wheako." Kaiuru 16: "Ki ahau nei hei kaiako, he mea tino nui ki ahau te whakamahi i te huarahi Plus/Delta kia akiakihia ai ngā ākonga ki te whai wāhi mā te whakahua i ngā mea pai me ngā matea i tūtakihia e rātou i te wā o te whakaaturanga whakatauira. Ngā wāhi hei whakapai ake."
Ahakoa he mea nui ngā wāhanga o mua o te tauira, ko te wāhanga tātari/whakaaroaro te mea tino nui hei whakatutuki i te arotautanga o te whakaaro haumanu. Kua hangaia hei whakarato i te tātari/whakahiato matatau me te tātari hohonu i runga i te wheako haumanu, ngā pūkenga, me te pānga o ngā kaupapa i whakatauirahia; te tukanga me te hanganga RLC; te nui o ngā mōhiohio i whakaratohia hei karo i te taumaha hinengaro; te whakamahinga whai hua o ngā pātai whakaaroaro. ngā tikanga hei whakatutuki i te ako e aro ana ki te ākonga me te ako hohe. I tēnei wā, ka wehea te wheako haumanu me te mōhio ki ngā kaupapa whakatauira kia toru ngā wāhanga hei whakauru i ngā taumata wheako me te kaha rerekē: tuatahi: kāore he wheako ngaio haumanu o mua/kāore he whakaaturanga o mua ki ngā kaupapa whakatauira, tuarua: wheako ngaio haumanu, mātauranga me ngā pūkenga/kāore. whakaaturanga o mua ki ngā kaupapa whakatauira. Tuatoru: Wheako ngaio haumanu, mātauranga me ngā pūkenga. Whakaaturanga ngaio/o mua ki ngā kaupapa whakatauira. Ka mahia te whakarōpūtanga hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te hunga he rerekē ngā wheako me ngā taumata kaha i roto i te rōpū kotahi, kia taurite ai te ia o ngā kaimahi iti ake te wheako ki te whakamahi i te whakaaro tātari me te ia o ngā kaimahi nui ake te wheako ki te whakamahi i ngā pūkenga whakaaro kore-tātari [19, 20, 34]. , 37]. I hangaia te tukanga RLC i runga i te huringa whakaaro haumanu [10], te anga whakatauira whakaaroaro [47], me te ariā ako wheako [50]. Ka tutukihia tēnei mā roto i ētahi tukanga: te whakamaoritanga, te wehewehe, te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, te whakatau me te whakahiato.
Hei karo i te taumaha rawa o te hinengaro, i whakaarohia te whakatairanga i tētahi tukanga kōrero e aro ana ki te ākonga me te whakaaroaro me te nui o te wā me ngā whai wāhitanga mō ngā kaiuru ki te whakaaroaro, ki te tātari, me te whakahiato kia eke ki te whakapono ki a ia anō. Ko ngā tukanga hinengaro i te wā o te RLC ka arohia mā roto i ngā tukanga whakakotahi, whakaū, hanga, me te whakakotahi i runga i te anga takirua [37] me te ariā kawenga hinengaro [48]. Mā te whai i tētahi tukanga kōrero hanganga me te tuku wā nui mō te whakaaroaro, me te whakaaro ki ngā kaiuru mātau me ngā kaiuru kore wheako, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te kawenga hinengaro, inā koa i roto i ngā whakatauira uaua me ngā wheako rerekē o mua, ngā whakaaturanga me ngā taumata kaha o ngā kaiuru. I muri i te whakaaturanga. Ko te tikanga pātai whakaaroaro o te tauira e ahu mai ana i te tauira whakarōpū a Bloom [51] me ngā tikanga uiuinga maioha (AI) [45], e whakatata atu ai te kaiārahi tauira ki te kaupapa i roto i te huarahi taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa, Socratic, me te whakaaroaro. Pātaihia ngā pātai, tīmata ki ngā pātai e ahu mai ana i te mātauranga. me te aro ki ngā pūkenga me ngā take e pā ana ki te whakaaro. Ma tēnei tikanga pātai ka whakapai ake i te arotautanga o te whakaaro haumanu mā te whakatenatena i te whai wāhi kaha o te kaiuru me te whakaaro whakamua me te iti ake o te tūponotanga o te taumaha rawa o te hinengaro. Ko ngā whakautu māngai e whai ake nei mai i te rōpū mahi hoahoa tahi i whakaarohia i te wā o te wāhanga tātari/whakaaroaro o te whakawhanaketanga tauira RLC. Kaiuru 13: "Hei karo i te taumaha rawa o te hinengaro, me whakaaro tātou ki te nui me te rere o ngā mōhiohio i te wā e whai wāhi ana ki ngā kōrero ako i muri i te whakatauira, ā, ki te mahi i tēnei, ki taku whakaaro he mea nui kia hoatu he wā nui ki ngā ākonga ki te whakaaroaro me te tīmata ki ngā kaupapa matua. Ko te mātauranga. ka tīmata i ngā kōrero me ngā pūkenga, kātahi ka neke ki ngā taumata teitei ake o te mātauranga me ngā pūkenga hei whakatutuki i te metacognition." Kaiuru 9: "E tino whakapono ana ahau mā ngā tikanga pātai e whakamahi ana i ngā tikanga Uiui Whakamihi (AI) me te pātai whakaaroaro e whakamahi ana i te tauira Taxonomy a Bloom ka whakatairanga i te ako hohe me te arotahi ki te ākonga me te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te taumaha rawa o te hinengaro." Ko te whāinga o te wāhanga whakarāpopototanga o te tauira he whakarāpopoto i ngā kaupapa ako i whakaarahia i te wā o te RLC me te whakarite kia tutukihia ngā whāinga ako. Kaiuru 8: "He mea tino nui kia whakaae te ākonga me te kaiārahi ki ngā whakaaro matua me ngā āhuatanga matua hei whakaaro i te wā e neke ana ki te mahi."
I whiwhihia te whakaaetanga matatika i raro i ngā tau kawa (MRC-01-22-117) me te (HSK/PGR/UH/04728). I whakamatautauria te tauira i roto i ngā akoranga whakatauira tiaki nui ngaio e toru hei aromatawai i te whakamahinga me te whaihua o te tauira. I aromatawaihia te mana o te tauira e tētahi rōpū mahi hoahoa-tahi (N = 18) me ngā tohunga mātauranga e mahi ana hei kaiwhakahaere mātauranga (N = 6) hei whakatika i ngā take e pā ana ki te āhua, te wetereo, me te tukanga. I muri i te mana o te mata, i whakatauhia te mana o te ihirangi e ngā kaiwhakaako nēhi matua (N = 6) i whakamanahia e te American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) me te mahi hei kaiwhakamahere mātauranga, me (N = 6) he neke atu i te 10 tau te wheako mātauranga me te whakaako. Wheako Mahi I whakahaerehia te aromatawai e ngā kaiwhakahaere mātauranga (N = 6). Wheako whakatauira. I whakatauhia te mana o te ihirangi mā te whakamahi i te Content Validity Ratio (CVR) me te Content Validity Index (CVI). I whakamahia te tikanga Lawshe [52] hei whakatau tata i te CVI, ā, i whakamahia te tikanga a Waltz rāua ko Bausell [53] hei whakatau tata i te CVR. He mea tika, he mea whai hua ngā kaupapa CVR, engari kāore e tika ana, kāore hoki e whiriwhiria. Ka tohua te CVI i runga i te tauine e whā i runga i te hiranga, te māmā, me te mārama, me te 1 = kāore e tika ana, 2 = he āhua tika, 3 = tika, me te 4 = tino tika. Whai muri i te manatoko i te tika o te mata me te ihirangi, hei tāpiri atu ki ngā awheawhe mahi, i whakahaerehia ngā wā whakataki me te whakataki mō ngā kaiako ka whakamahi i te tauira.
I taea e te rōpū mahi te whakawhanake me te whakamātautau i tētahi tauira RLC whai muri i te whakatauira hei arotau i ngā pūkenga whakaaro haumanu i te wā e whai wāhi ana ki te SBE i roto i ngā wāhanga tiaki nui (Pikitia 1, 2, me te 3). CVR = 1.00, CVI = 1.00, e whakaata ana i te tika o te mata me te ihirangi [52, 53].
I hangaia te tauira mō te rōpū SBE, e whakamahia ai ngā horopaki whakahihiri me ngā horopaki wero mō ngā kaiuru he rite, he rerekē rānei ngā taumata o te wheako, te mōhiotanga me te pakeketanga. I whakawhanakehia te tauira ariā RLC i runga anō i ngā paerewa tātaritanga whakaata rere INACSL [36] ā, he arotahi ki te ākonga me te whakamārama i a ia anō, tae atu ki ngā tauira kua mahihia (Pikitia 1, 2 me te 3). I whakawhanakehia te tauira me te whai take, ā, i wehea kia whā ngā wāhanga hei whakatutuki i ngā paerewa whakatauira: tīmata ki te whakarāpopototanga, ā, whai muri ko te tātari/whakaaroaro, ā, ka mutu ki ngā mōhiohio me te whakarāpopototanga. Hei karo i te tūponotanga o te taumaha rawa o te hinengaro, ka hangaia ia wāhanga o te tauira me te whai take hei whakaritenga mō te wāhanga e whai ake nei [34].
Kāore anō kia rangahaua i mua te awe o te tūnga matua me ngā āhuatanga o te noho tahi o te rōpū ki te whai wāhi ki te RLC [38]. Ina whakaarohia ngā ariā mahi o te ariā porowhita takirua me te ariā taumaha hinengaro i roto i te mahi whakatauira [34, 37], he mea nui kia whakaarohia he wero te whai wāhi ki te SBE rōpū me ngā wheako me ngā taumata pūkenga rerekē o ngā kaiuru i roto i te rōpū whakatauira kotahi. Ko te kore aro ki te nui o ngā mōhiohio, te rere me te hanganga o te ako, me te whakamahi tahi i ngā tukanga hinengaro tere me te puhoi e ngā ākonga kura tuarua me ngā ākonga kura tuarua, ka tūpono pea te mōrearea o te taumaha hinengaro [18, 38, 46]. I whakaarohia ēnei āhuatanga i te wā e whakawhanake ana i te tauira RLC hei karo i te whakaaro haumanu kāore i te tino whanake me/ranei te koretake [18, 38]. He mea nui kia whakaarohia ko te whakahaere i te RLC me ngā taumata rerekē o te tūnga matua me te pūkenga ka puta he pānga mana i waenga i ngā kaiuru kaumātua. Ka puta tēnei nā te mea ka karohia e ngā kaiuru matatau te ako i ngā ariā taketake, he mea nui tēnei mō ngā kaiuru taitamariki kia eke ki te mōhiotanga meta me te uru atu ki ngā tukanga whakaaro me te whakaaro taumata teitei [38, 47]. Kua hangaia te tauira RLC hei whakauru i ngā nēhi matua me ngā nēhi iti mā te uiuinga maioha me te huarahi delta [45, 46, 51]. Mā te whakamahi i ēnei tikanga, ka whakaatuhia ngā tirohanga a ngā kaiuru matua me ngā kaiuru iti me ngā pūkenga rerekē me ngā taumata wheako, ā, ka matapakihia hoki e te kaiwhakahaere me ngā kaiwhakahaere tahi [45, 51]. Haunga ngā whakaaro o ngā kaiuru whakatauira, ka tāpirihia e te kaiārahi whakatauira ā rātou whakaaro hei whakarite kia kapi katoa ngā tirohanga katoa i ia wā ako, kia pai ake ai te mōhiotanga ki te hinengaro hei whakapai ake i te whakaaro haumanu [10].
Mā te whakamahi i te tauira RLC, ka arohia te rere o ngā mōhiohio me te hanganga ako mā te tukanga pūnaha me te maha-taahiraa. Hei āwhina i ngā kaiārahi ki te whakawātea i ngā kōrero, me te whakarite kia mārama, kia maia hoki te kōrero a ia kaiuru i ia wāhanga i mua i te neke atu ki te wāhanga e whai ake nei. Ka taea e te kaiwhakahaere te tīmata i ngā kōrero whakaaroaro e whai wāhi ana ngā kaiuru katoa, ā, ka tae ki te wāhi e whakaae ai ngā kaiuru o ngā taumata pakeke me ngā taumata pūkenga ki ngā mahi pai mō ia wāhanga kōrero i mua i te neke atu ki te wāhanga e whai ake nei [38]. Mā te whakamahi i tēnei huarahi ka āwhina i ngā kaiuru mātau me ngā kaiuru matatau ki te whakapuaki i ā rātou takoha/tirohanga, ko ngā takoha/tirohanga a ngā kaiuru iti ake te wheako me ngā kaiuru matatau ka aromatawaihia, ka kōrerohia hoki [38]. Heoi, hei whakatutuki i tēnei whāinga, me aro atu ngā kaiārahi ki te wero o te whakataurite i ngā kōrero me te whakarato i ngā whai wāhitanga ōrite mō ngā kaiuru kaumātua me ngā kaiuru iti iho. Hei whakatutuki i tēnei, i whakawhanakehia te tikanga rangahau tauira mā te whakamahi i te tauira whakarōpū a Bloom, e whakakotahi ana i te rangahau aromatawai me te tikanga tāpiri/delta [45, 46, 51]. Mā te whakamahi i ēnei tikanga, me te tīmata ki te mōhio me te mārama ki ngā pātai arotahi/kōrero whakaaroaro, ka whakatenatena i ngā kaiuru iti ake te wheako ki te whai wāhi me te whai wāhi kaha ki te kōrero, ā, muri iho ka neke haere te kaiārahi ki tētahi taumata teitei ake o te aromatawai me te whakahiato i ngā pātai/kōrero, me hoatu e ngā taha e rua he whai wāhitanga ōrite ki ngā kaiuru Taumata me ngā Taiohi ki te whai wāhi i runga i ō rātou wheako o mua me ngā pūkenga haumanu, i ngā horopaki whakaata rānei. Mā tēnei huarahi ka āwhina i ngā kaiuru iti ake te wheako ki te whai wāhi kaha me te whai hua mai i ngā wheako i tohaina e ngā kaiuru nui ake te wheako me te whakauru mai a te kaiārahi whakatauira. I tētahi atu taha, kāore i hangaia te tauira mō ngā SBE anake me ngā pūkenga me ngā taumata wheako rerekē, engari mō ngā kaiuru rōpū SBE me ngā taumata wheako me ngā taumata āheinga rite. I hangaia te tauira hei whakahaere i tētahi nekehanga maeneene me te pūnaha o te rōpū mai i te arotahi ki te mōhio me te māramatanga ki te arotahi ki te whakahiato me te aromatawai hei whakatutuki i ngā whāinga ako. Kua hangaia te hanganga me ngā tukanga tauira kia rite ki ngā rōpū tauira o ngā pūkenga me ngā taumata wheako rerekē me te ōrite.
Hei tāpiri, ahakoa e whakamahia ana te SBE i roto i te hauora me te RLC hei whakawhanake i te whakaaro haumanu me te pūkenga i roto i ngā kaimahi [22,30,38], heoi, me whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te uaua o te take me ngā mōrearea pea o te taumahatanga hinengaro, inā koa ka whakaatahia e ngā Kaiuru ngā āhuatanga SBE he tūroro tino uaua, he tino mate e hiahia ana ki te wawaotanga tonu me te whakatau whakatau nui [2,18,37,38,47,48]. Hei whakatutuki i tēnei, he mea nui kia whai whakaaro ki te ia o ngā kaiuru mātau me ngā kaiuru iti ake te wheako ki te huri i waenga i ngā pūnaha whakaaro tātari me te kore-tātari i te wā e whai wāhi ana ki te SBE, me te whakatū i tētahi huarahi e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga e taea ai e ngā ākonga pakeke me ngā ākonga taitamariki te whai wāhi kaha ki te tukanga ako. Nō reira, i hangaia te tauira i roto i tētahi huarahi, ahakoa te uaua o te take whakaata i whakaatuhia, me whakarite e te kaiārahi kia hipokina tuatahitia ngā āhuatanga o te mōhiotanga me te māramatanga papamuri o ngā kaiuru kaumātua me ngā kaiuru kaumātua, kātahi ka whanake haere me te whakaaroaro hei whakahaere i te tātari. te whakahiato me te māramatanga. te taha aromatawai. Ma tēnei ka āwhina i ngā ākonga taitamariki ki te hanga me te whakaū i ngā mea kua akohia e rātou, ā, ka āwhina i ngā ākonga pakeke ki te whakahiato me te whakawhanake i ngā mōhiotanga hou. Ka tutuki i tēnei ngā whakaritenga mō te tukanga whakaaro, me te whai whakaaro ki ngā wheako me ngā pūkenga o mua o ia kaiuru, ā, ka whai whakatakotoranga whānui e aro ana ki te ia o ngā ākonga kura tuarua me ngā ākonga kura tuarua ki te neke tahi i waenga i ngā pūnaha whakaaro tātari me ngā pūnaha whakaaro kore-tātari, kia pai ai te arotau i te whakaaro haumanu.
Hei tāpiritanga, tera pea ka uaua ki ngā kaiārahi whakatauira/kaiwhakamātautau te matatau ki ngā pūkenga whakatauira. E whakaponohia ana he whai hua te whakamahinga o ngā tuhinga whakatauira hinengaro ki te whakapai ake i te whiwhi mātauranga me ngā pūkenga whanonga o ngā kaiārahi ki te whakataurite ki te hunga kāore e whakamahi ana i ngā tuhinga [54]. He taputapu hinengaro ngā horopaki ka taea te whakahaere i te mahi whakatauira a ngā kaiako me te whakapai ake i ngā pūkenga whakatauira, inā koa mō ngā kaiako e whakakotahi tonu ana i ō rātou wheako whakatauira [55]. kia nui ake te whakamahinga me te whakawhanake i ngā tauira ngāwari ki te whakamahi. (Pikitia 2 me te Pikitia 3).
Kāore anō kia arohia te whakaurunga ōrite o te tāpiri/taraiwa, te rangahau maioha, me ngā tikanga rangahau Bloom's Taxonomy i roto i ngā tauira tātari whakatauira me te whakaaroaro ārahi e wātea ana i nāianei. Ko te whakaurunga o ēnei tikanga e whakaatu ana i te auahatanga o te tauira RLC, e whakauruhia ana ēnei tikanga ki roto i te whakatakotoranga kotahi hei whakatutuki i te arotautanga o te whakaaro haumanu me te arotahi ki te ākonga. Tērā pea ka whai hua ngā kaiako hauora mai i te whakatauira i te SBE rōpū mā te whakamahi i te tauira RLC hei whakapai ake me te arotau i ngā pūkenga whakaaro haumanu o ngā kaiuru. Ka taea e ngā horopaki o te tauira te āwhina i ngā kaiako ki te whakahaere i te tukanga o te arotake whakaaroaro me te whakapakari i ō rātou pūkenga kia noho hei kaiāwhina arotake māia me te matatau.
Ka taea e te SBE te whakauru i ngā momo tikanga me ngā tikanga maha, tae atu ki, engari kāore i te herea ki, ngā SBE e hangai ana ki te tauira tāne, ngā whakatauira mahi, ngā whakatauira tūroro, ngā tūroro paerewa, te mooni mariko me te mooni whakanui. I te mea ko te pūrongo tētahi o ngā paearu whakatauira nui, ka taea te whakamahi i te tauira RLC whakatauira hei tauira pūrongo ina whakamahia ēnei momo. Heoi anō, ahakoa i whakawhanakehia te tauira mō te kaupapa nēhi, he pūmanawa tōna mō te whakamahi i roto i te SBE hauora ā-ngaio, e whakaatu ana i te hiahia mō ngā kaupapa rangahau ā muri ake nei hei whakamātautau i te tauira RLC mō te mātauranga ā-ngaio.
Te whakawhanaketanga me te aromatawai i tētahi tauira RLC whai muri i te whakatauira mō te tiaki nēhi i roto i ngā wāhanga tiaki nui SBE. E taunakihia ana kia aromatawaihia/whakamanahia te tauira ā muri ake nei hei whakanui ake i te āheinga whānui o te tauira mō te whakamahi i roto i ētahi atu mara hauora me te SBE whakawhitiwhiti ngaio.
I whakawhanakehia te tauira e tētahi rōpū mahi tahi i runga i te ariā me te ariā. Hei whakapai ake i te mana me te whānui o te tauira, tera pea ka whakaarohia te whakamahinga o ngā mehua pono whakarei ake mō ngā rangahau whakatairite a muri ake nei.
Hei whakaiti i ngā hapa mahi, me whai pūkenga whakaaro haumanu whai hua ngā kaimahi kia haumaru ai, kia tika ai hoki te whakatau haumanu. Mā te whakamahi i te SBE RLC hei tikanga arotake ka whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te mōhiotanga me ngā pūkenga mahi e tika ana hei whakawhanake i te whakaaro haumanu. Heoi, ko te āhua maha-ahu o te whakaaro haumanu, e pā ana ki ngā wheako me te whakaaturanga o mua, ngā huringa o te kaha, te rahinga me te rere o ngā mōhiohio, me te uaua o ngā horopaki whakatauira, e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te whakawhanake i ngā tauira RLC whai muri i te whakatauira e taea ai te whakatinana kaha me te whai hua i te whakaaro haumanu. Mā te kore aro ki ēnei āhuatanga ka hua ake he whakaaro haumanu kāore i te tino whanake me te kore e tino pai. I whakawhanakehia te tauira RLC hei aro atu ki ēnei āhuatanga hei arotau i te whakaaro haumanu i te wā e whai wāhi ana ki ngā mahi whakatauira rōpū. Hei whakatutuki i tēnei whāinga, ka whakauruhia e te tauira te uiuinga aromatawai tāpiri/tango me te whakamahinga o te whakarōpūtanga a Bloom.
Kei te wātea mai i te kaituhi e pā ana ngā huinga raraunga i whakamahia, i tātarihia rānei i te wā o te rangahau o nāianei, mēnā he tono tika.
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Wā tuku: Hanuere-08-2024