Ki te ako i te whakamahinga o te whakakotahitanga o te hangarau whakaahua 3-A me te aratau ako e ahu mai ana i te raruraru i roto i te whakangungu haumanu e pā ana ki te pokanga tuaiwi.
I te katoa, 106 ngā ākonga o te akoranga e rima tau te roa i roto i te kaupapa motuhake "Rongoā Haumanu" i tīpakohia hei kaupapa mō te rangahau, ā, i te tau 2021 ka whai wāhi rātou ki tētahi mahi tauira i te tari orthopedics i te hōhipera hono o te Whare Wānanga Hauora o Xuzhou. I wehea matapōkeretia ēnei ākonga ki ngā rōpū whakamātautau me ngā rōpū whakahaere, me te 53 ākonga i roto i ia rōpū. I whakamahia e te rōpū whakamātautau te whakakotahitanga o te hangarau whakaahua 3D me te aratau ako PBL, ko te rōpū whakahaere ia i whakamahi i te tikanga ako tuku iho. I muri i te whakangungu, i whakaritea te whai huatanga o te whakangungu i roto i ngā rōpū e rua mā te whakamahi i ngā whakamātautau me ngā pātai.
He teitei ake te kaute katoa i te whakamātautau ariā a ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakamātautau i ērā o te rōpū whakahaere. I aromatawai takitahi ngā ākonga o ngā rōpū e rua i ā rātou māka i roto i te akoranga, ko ngā māka a ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakamātautau he teitei ake i ērā o ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakahaere (P < 0.05). He teitei ake te hiahia ki te ako, te āhuarangi akomanga, te taunekeneke akomanga, me te makona ki te whakaako i waenga i ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakamātautau i ērā o te rōpū whakahaere (P < 0.05).
Mā te whakakotahitanga o te hangarau whakaahua 3D me te aratau ako PBL i te wā e whakaako ana i te pokanga tuaiwi ka taea te whakarei ake i te whai huatanga o te ako me te hiahia o ngā ākonga, me te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te whakaaro haumanu o ngā ākonga.
I ngā tau tata nei, nā te piki haere tonu o te mātauranga haumanu me te hangarau, kua noho te pātai mō te momo mātauranga hauora ka taea te whakaiti i te wā e hiahiatia ana hei whakawhiti mai i ngā ākonga hauora ki ngā tākuta, me te tere o te whakatipu i ngā tāngata whai mātauranga pai rawa atu, ā, kua nui te aro ki tēnei mea [1]. He wāhanga nui te mahi haumanu i roto i te whanaketanga o te whakaaro haumanu me ngā pūkenga mahi a ngā ākonga hauora. Ina koa, he tino kaha ngā whakaritenga a ngā mahi pokanga ki ngā pūkenga mahi a ngā ākonga me te mōhiotanga ki te hanganga tinana o te tangata.
I tēnei wā, kei te kaha tonu te momo whakaako kōrero tuku iho i roto i ngā kura me te rongoā haumanu [2]. Ko te tikanga whakaako tuku iho he mea arotahi ki te kaiako: ka tū te kaiako i runga i te tūāpapa ka tuku mātauranga ki ngā ākonga mā roto i ngā tikanga whakaako tuku iho pēnei i ngā pukapuka ako me ngā marautanga maha-pānui. Ka whakaakona te akoranga katoa e te kaiako. Ko te nuinga o ngā ākonga ka whakarongo ki ngā kauwhau, he iti noa ngā whai wāhitanga mō te kōrero noa me ngā pātai. Nō reira, ka taea e tēnei tukanga te huri hei whakaakoranga taha-kotahi i te taha o ngā kaiako, engari ka whakaae noa ngā ākonga ki te āhuatanga. Nō reira, i roto i te tukanga whakaako, ka kitea e ngā kaiako kāore i te teitei te hihiri o ngā ākonga ki te ako, kāore i te teitei te hihiri, ā, he kino te pānga. Hei tāpiri, he uaua ki te whakaahua mārama i te hanganga uaua o te tuaiwi mā te whakamahi i ngā whakaahua 2D pēnei i te PPT, ngā pukapuka ako tinana me ngā pikitia, ā, ehara i te mea ngāwari ki ngā ākonga te mārama me te whakahaere i tēnei mātauranga [3].
I te tau 1969, i whakamātauria tētahi tikanga whakaako hou, arā, te ako-raruraru (PBL), i te Kura Rongoā o te Whare Wānanga o McMaster i Kanata. He rerekē ki ngā tikanga whakaako tuku iho, ka tirohia e te tukanga ako PBL ngā ākonga hei wāhanga matua o te tukanga ako, ā, ka whakamahia ngā pātai e tika ana hei akiaki i ngā ākonga ki te ako, ki te kōrero me te mahi tahi takitahi i roto i ngā rōpū, ki te pātai kaha me te kimi whakautu kaua ki te whakaae noa. , 5]. I roto i te tukanga tātari me te whakaoti rapanga, ka whakawhanake i te kaha o ngā ākonga ki te ako takitahi me te whakaaro arorau [6]. Hei tāpiri, nā te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau hauora matihiko, kua tino whakareihia hoki ngā tikanga whakaako haumanu. Ka tangohia e te hangarau whakaahua 3D (3DV) ngā raraunga mata mai i ngā whakaahua hauora, ka kawemai ki roto i te pūmanawa tauira mō te hanga-anō 3D, kātahi ka tukatuka i ngā raraunga hei hanga i tētahi tauira 3D. Ka wikitoria tēnei tikanga i ngā herenga o te tauira whakaako tuku iho, ka whakaoho i te aro o ngā ākonga i roto i ngā huarahi maha, ā, ka āwhina i ngā ākonga ki te tere mōhio ki ngā hanganga anatomical uaua [7, 8], inā koa i roto i te mātauranga orthopedic. Nō reira, ka whakakotahi tēnei tuhinga i ēnei tikanga e rua ki te ako i te pānga o te whakakotahi i te PBL me te hangarau 3DV me te aratau ako tuku iho i roto i te tono mahi. Ko te hua tēnei e whai ake nei.
Ko te kaupapa o te rangahau he 106 ngā ākonga i uru mai ki te mahi pokanga tuaiwi o tō mātou hōhipera i te tau 2021, i wehea ki ngā rōpū whakamātautau me ngā rōpū whakahaere mā te whakamahi i te ripanga tau matapōkere, 53 ngā ākonga i ia rōpū. Ko te rōpū whakamātautau he 25 ngā tāne me te 28 ngā wāhine i waenga i te 21 ki te 23 tau te pakeke, ko te tau toharite he 22.6±0.8 tau. Ko te rōpū whakahaere he 26 ngā tāne me te 27 ngā wāhine i waenga i te 21-24 tau te pakeke, ko te tau toharite he 22.6±0.9 tau, he tauira mahi tauira katoa. Kāore he rerekētanga nui o te tau me te ira tangata i waenga i ngā rōpū e rua (P>0.05).
Ko ngā paearu whakauru koia ēnei: (1) Ngā ākonga paetahi haumanu wā-katoa tau tuawhā; (2) Ngā ākonga e mārama ana ki te whakapuaki i ō rātou kare ā-roto pono; (3) Ngā ākonga e mārama ana, e whai wāhi ana ki te tukanga katoa o tēnei rangahau, ā, e haina ana i te puka whakaae whai whakaaro. Ko ngā paearu whakakore koia ēnei: (1) Ngā ākonga kāore e tutuki i tētahi o ngā paearu whakauru; (2) Ngā ākonga kāore e hiahia ki te whai wāhi ki tēnei whakangungu mō ngā take whaiaro; (3) Ngā ākonga he wheako whakaako PBL.
Kawemaihia ngā raraunga CT mata ki roto i te pūmanawa whakatauira, ā, ka kawemaihia te tauira kua hangaia ki roto i te pūmanawa whakangungu motuhake hei whakaatu. Kei roto i te tauira te kiko wheua, ngā kōpae intervertebral me ngā io tuaiwi (Pikitia 1). Ka whakaatuhia ngā wāhanga rerekē e ngā tae rerekē, ā, ka taea te whakanui me te huri i te tauira kia rite ki te hiahia. Ko te painga matua o tēnei rautaki ko te taea te whakanoho i ngā paparanga CT ki runga i te tauira, ā, ka taea te whakarite i te mārama o ngā wāhanga rerekē kia kore ai e āraihia.
a Tirohanga whakamuri me te b Tirohanga taha. he mārama i roto i te L1, L3 me te hope o te tauira. d Whai muri i te whakakotahitanga o te ahua whakawhiti-whatu CT me te tauira, ka taea e koe te neke ake, te neke iho hoki hei whakarite i ngā papa CT rerekē. e Tauira whakakotahi o ngā ahua CT porowhita me te whakamahinga o ngā tohutohu huna mō te tukatuka i te L1 me te L3
Ko ngā kaupapa matua o te whakangungu e whai ake nei: 1) Te tautuhi me te rongoā i ngā mate noa i roto i te pokanga tuaiwi; 2) Te mōhio ki te hanganga o te tuaiwi, te whakaaro me te mārama ki te putanga mai me te whanaketanga o ngā mate; 3) Ngā ataata whakahaere e whakaako ana i ngā mōhiotanga taketake. Ngā wāhanga o te pokanga tuaiwi tikanga, 4) Te whakaatu i ngā mate noa i roto i te pokanga tuaiwi, 5) Ngā mōhiotanga ariā tawhito hei maumahara, tae atu ki te ariā o te tuaiwi pou-toru a Dennis, te whakarōpūtanga o ngā whati tuaiwi, me te whakarōpūtanga o te tuaiwi hope kua hernia.
Rōpū whakamātautau: Ka honoa te tikanga whakaako ki te PBL me te hangarau whakaahua 3D. Kei roto i tēnei tikanga ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei. 1) Te whakarite i ngā take noa i roto i te pokanga tuaiwi: Matapakihia ngā take o te spondylosis cervical, te herniation lumbar disc, me ngā whati pyramidal compression, me ia take e arotahi ana ki ngā momo mātauranga rerekē. Ka tukuna ngā take, ngā tauira 3D me ngā ataata pokanga ki ngā ākonga i te wiki i mua i te akomanga, ā, ka akiakihia rātou ki te whakamahi i te tauira 3D hei whakamātautau i te mātauranga anatomical. 2) Te whakarite i mua: 10 meneti i mua i te akomanga, whakamōhiotia ngā ākonga ki te tukanga ako PBL motuhake, whakatenatenahia ngā ākonga kia whai wāhi kaha, kia whakamahia katoatia te wā, me te whakaoti i ngā mahi me te whakaaro nui. I whakahaerehia te rōpū i muri i te whiwhinga o te whakaaetanga a ngā kaiuru katoa. Tangohia kia 8 ki te 10 ngā ākonga ki roto i te rōpū, wehea ki ngā rōpū kia whakaaro noa ki ngā mōhiohio rapu take, whakaarohia te ako-whaiaro, whai wāhi ki ngā kōrero rōpū, whakautua tetahi ki tetahi, whakarāpopototia ngā kaupapa matua, hanga raraunga pūnaha, ā, tuhia te kōrero. Kōwhiria he ākonga he pūkenga whakahaere me te whakapuaki kaha hei kaiārahi rōpū hei whakarite i ngā kōrero rōpū me ngā whakaaturanga. 3) Aratohu Kaiako: Ka whakamahia e ngā kaiako te pūmanawa whakatauira hei whakamārama i te hanganga o te tuaiwi me ngā āhuatanga noa, ā, ka taea e ngā ākonga te whakamahi kaha i te pūmanawa hei mahi i ngā mahi pēnei i te whakanui, te hurihuri, te neke i te CT me te whakatikatika i te māramatanga o te kiko; Kia hohonu ake te māramatanga me te maumahara ki te hanganga o te mate, me te āwhina i a rātou ki te whakaaro takitahi mō ngā hononga matua o te tīmatanga, te whanaketanga me te haerenga o te mate. 4) Whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro me te kōrero. Hei whakautu i ngā pātai kua whakarārangihia i mua i te akomanga, me tuku kōrero mō te kōrero akomanga, ā, me tono i ia kaiārahi rōpū ki te ripoata i ngā hua o te kōrero rōpū i muri i te wā e ranea ana mō te kōrero. I tēnei wā, ka taea e te rōpū te pātai me te āwhina tetahi i tetahi, i te wā e tika ana kia whakarārangihia e te kaiako me te mārama ki ngā momo whakaaro o ngā ākonga me ngā raruraru e pā ana ki a rātou. 5) Whakarāpopototanga: Whai muri i te kōrero mō ngā ākonga, ka kōrero te kaiako mō ngā mahi a ngā ākonga, ka whakarāpopoto me te whakautu taipitopito i ētahi pātai noa me ngā pātai tautohenga, ā, ka whakamārama i te ahunga o te ako ā muri ake nei kia taea ai e ngā ākonga te urutau ki te tikanga whakaako PBL.
Ka whakamahia e te rōpū whakahaere te tikanga ako tuku iho, e tohutohu ana i ngā ākonga kia arokite i ngā rauemi i mua i te akomanga. Hei whakahaere i ngā kauhau ariā, ka whakamahia e ngā kaiako ngā papa mā, ngā marautanga maha-pāpāho, ngā rauemi ataata, ngā tauira tauira me ētahi atu āwhina whakaako, ā, ka whakarite hoki i te akoranga whakangungu kia rite ki ngā rauemi whakaako. Hei tāpiritanga ki te marautanga, ka arotahi tēnei tukanga ki ngā uauatanga e tika ana me ngā kaupapa matua o te pukapuka ako. I muri i te kauhau, ka whakarāpopoto te kaiako i ngā rauemi, ā, ka akiaki i ngā ākonga kia maumahara me te mārama ki ngā mātauranga e tika ana.
E ai ki ngā kaupapa o te whakangungu, i whakatinanahia he whakamātautau pukapuka kati. Ko ngā pātai whāinga ka tīpakohia mai i ngā pātai e tika ana i pātaihia e ngā tākuta i roto i ngā tau. Ko ngā pātai kaupapa ka hangaia e te Tari Orthopedic, ā, i te mutunga ka arotakehia e ngā mema kaiako kāore i te whakamātautau. Whai wāhi ki te ako. Ko te māka katoa o te whakamātautau he 100 ngā tohu, ā, ko ngā wāhanga matua e rua o roto ko: 1) Ngā pātai whāinga (ko te nuinga he pātai whiriwhiri maha), e whakamātautau ana i te mōhio o ngā ākonga ki ngā āhuatanga mātauranga, arā, 50% o te kaute katoa; 2) Ngā pātai kaupapa (ngā pātai mō te tātari take), e aro nui ana ki te māramatanga pūnaha me te tātari i ngā mate e ngā ākonga, arā, 50% o te kaute katoa.
I te mutunga o te akoranga, i tukuna he pātai, e rua ngā wāhanga me te iwa ngā pātai. Ko te kaupapa matua o ēnei pātai e rite ana ki ngā tūemi i whakaaturia i roto i te ripanga, ā, me whakautu e ngā ākonga ngā pātai mō ēnei tūemi me te māka katoa o te 10 ngā tohu me te māka iti rawa o te 1 tohu. Ko ngā kaute teitei ake e tohu ana i te nui ake o te makona o ngā ākonga. Ko ngā pātai i roto i te Ripanga 2 e pā ana ki te mea ka taea e te whakakotahitanga o ngā momo ako PBL me te 3DV te āwhina i ngā ākonga ki te mārama ki ngā mātauranga ngaio uaua. E whakaata ana ngā tūemi o te Ripanga 3 i te makona o ngā ākonga ki ngā momo ako e rua.
I tātarihia ngā raraunga katoa mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa SPSS 25; i whakaatuhia ngā hua whakamātautau hei toharite ± paerewa rerekētanga (x ± s). I tātarihia ngā raraunga tauanga mā te ANOVA kotahi-ara, i tātarihia ngā raraunga kounga mā te whakamātautau χ2, ā, i whakamahia te whakatikatika a Bonferroni mō ngā whakatairite maha. He rerekētanga nui (P<0.05).
I whakaatuhia e ngā hua o te tātari tatauranga o ngā rōpū e rua he nui ake ngā kaute mō ngā pātai whāinga (ngā pātai whiriwhiri maha) a ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakahaere i ērā o te rōpū whakamātautau (P < 0.05), ā, he nui ake ngā kaute a ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakahaere i ērā o te rōpū whakamātautau (P < 0.05). He nui ake ngā kaute o ngā pātai whaiaro (ngā pātai tātari take) a ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakamātautau i ērā o te rōpū whakahaere (P < 0.01), tirohia te Ripanga 1.
I muri i ngā akomanga katoa, i tohatohahia ngā pātai ingoakore. I te katoa, 106 ngā pātai i tohatohahia, 106 o ēnei i whakahokia mai, ā, ko te auau whakaora he 100.0%. Kua oti katoa ngā puka te whakaoti. Nā te whakataurite i ngā hua o tētahi rangahau pātai mō te taumata o te pupuri i te mātauranga ngaio i waenga i ngā rōpū ākonga e rua i whakaatu ko ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakamātautau i tino matatau ki ngā wāhanga matua o te pokanga tuaiwi, te mātauranga mahere, te whakarōpūtanga matarohia o ngā mate, me ētahi atu. He mea nui te rerekētanga i runga i te tatauranga (P<0.05) e whakaaturia ana i te Ripanga 2.
Te whakataurite i ngā whakautu ki ngā pātai e pā ana ki te pai o te whakaako i waenga i ngā rōpū e rua: he nui ake ngā hua o ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakamātautau i ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakahaere e pā ana ki te hiahia ki te ako, te āhuarangi akomanga, te taunekeneke akomanga, me te pai o te whakaako. He rerekētanga nui te tatauranga (P<0.05). Kei te Ripanga 3 ngā taipitopito.
I te piki haere tonu o te pūtaiao me te hangarau, inā koa kei te tomo tātou ki te rautau 21, kei te uaua haere ngā mahi haumanu i roto i ngā hōhipera. Hei whakarite kia tere te urutau o ngā ākonga hauora ki ngā mahi haumanu me te whakawhanake i ngā pūkenga hauora kounga teitei hei painga mō te hapori, ka raru te whakaakoranga tuku iho me te momo ako kotahi ki te whakaoti rapanga haumanu mahi. Ko ngā painga o te tauira mātauranga hauora tuku iho i tōku whenua ko te nui o ngā mōhiohio i roto i te akomanga, te iti o ngā whakaritenga taiao, me te pūnaha mātauranga whakaako e taea ai te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te whakaako i ngā akoranga ariā [9]. Heoi, ka taea e tēnei momo mātauranga te arahi ngāwari ki te āputa i waenga i te ariā me te mahi, te hekenga o te kaupapa me te hihiri o ngā ākonga ki te ako, te kore e taea te tātari whānui i ngā mate uaua i roto i te mahi haumanu, nō reira, kāore e taea te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te mātauranga hauora teitei. I ngā tau tata nei, kua tere te piki haere o te taumata o te pokanga tuaiwi i tōku whenua, ā, kua pāngia te whakaakoranga o te pokanga tuaiwi e ngā wero hou. I te wā e whakangungu ana i ngā ākonga hauora, ko te wāhanga tino uaua o te pokanga ko te orthopedics, inā koa ko te pokanga tuaiwi. He iti noa ngā mātauranga, ā, ehara i te mea ko ngā hapa me ngā mate o te tuaiwi anake, engari ko ngā whara me ngā pukupuku wheua anō hoki. Ehara i te mea he mea whakarāpopoto, he mea uaua hoki ēnei ariā, engari he hononga tata ki te hanganga tinana, te mate hinengaro, te whakaahua, te koiora-mīhini, me ētahi atu kaupapa ako, ā, he uaua ki te mārama me te maumahara ki ngā kaupapa o roto. I taua wā anō, he maha ngā wāhanga o te pokanga tuaiwi kei te tere haere te whanaketanga, ā, kua tawhito ngā mātauranga kei roto i ngā pukapuka ako, ā, he uaua ki ngā kaiako te whakaako. Nō reira, mā te whakarerekē i te tikanga whakaako tuku iho me te whakauru i ngā whanaketanga hou o te rangahau o te ao ka taea te whakaako i ngā mātauranga ariā e tika ana, te whakapai ake i te kaha o ngā ākonga ki te whakaaro arorau, me te whakatenatena i ngā ākonga ki te whakaaro nui. Me aro wawe atu ki ēnei ngoikoretanga o te tukanga ako o nāianei kia taea ai te tūhura i ngā rohe me ngā herenga o te mātauranga hauora hou me te wikitoria i ngā arai tuku iho [10].
He tikanga ako e aro ana ki te ākonga te tauira ako PBL. Mā te ako ā-whakaaro, te ako takitahi me te kōrero taunekeneke, ka taea e ngā ākonga te whakaputa katoa i ō rātou hihiri me te neke atu i te whakaae koretake ki te mātauranga ki te whai wāhi kaha ki te whakaakoranga a te kaiako. Ki te whakatauritea ki te aratau ako e ahu mai ana i te kauhau, he nui te wā o ngā ākonga e whai wāhi ana ki te aratau ako PBL ki te whakamahi i ngā pukapuka ako, te Ipurangi, me te pūmanawa ki te rapu whakautu ki ngā pātai, ki te whakaaro takitahi, me te matapaki i ngā kaupapa e pā ana i roto i te taiao rōpū. Ka whakawhanakehia e tēnei tikanga te kaha o ngā ākonga ki te whakaaro takitahi, ki te tātari i ngā raruraru me te whakaoti rapanga [11]. I roto i te tukanga kōrero kore utu, ka taea e ngā ākonga rerekē te whai whakaaro rerekē mō te take kotahi, ka hoatu he tūāpapa ki ngā ākonga hei whakawhānui i ō rātou whakaaro. Ka whakawhanakehia te whakaaro auaha me te kaha whakaaro arorau mā te whakaaro tonu, me te whakawhanake i te kaha whakapuaki ā-waha me te wairua rōpū mā te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā hoa akomanga [12]. Ko te mea nui, mā te whakaako i te PBL ka taea e ngā ākonga te mārama ki te tātari, te whakarite me te whakamahi i ngā mātauranga e tika ana, te mōhio ki ngā tikanga whakaako tika me te whakapai ake i ō rātou pūkenga whānui [13]. I roto i tā mātou tukanga ako, i kitea e mātou he nui ake te hiahia o ngā ākonga ki te ako me pēhea te whakamahi i te pūmanawa whakaahua 3D i te mārama ki ngā ariā hauora ngaio hoha mai i ngā pukapuka ako, nō reira i roto i tā mātou rangahau, he pai ake te hihiri o ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakamātautau ki te whai wāhi atu ki te tukanga ako. Me whakatenatena ngā kaiako i ngā ākonga kia kōrero maia, kia whakawhanake i te mōhiotanga o ngā ākonga ki ngā kaupapa, me te whakaoho i tō rātou hiahia ki te whai wāhi atu ki ngā kōrero. E whakaatu ana ngā hua whakamātautau, e ai ki te mōhiotanga o te mahara ā-ringa, he iti ake te mahi a ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakamātautau i tērā o te rōpū whakahaere, heoi, i runga i te tātaritanga o tētahi take haumanu, e hiahia ana ki te tono matatini o ngā mōhiotanga e tika ana, he pai ake te mahi a ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakamātautau i tērā o te rōpū whakahaere, e whakanui ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te 3DV me te rōpū whakahaere. Ngā painga o te whakakotahi i te rongoā tuku iho. Ko te tikanga whakaako PBL e whai ana ki te whakawhanake i ngā pūkenga whānui o ngā ākonga.
Ko te whakaakoranga o te hanganga tinana te pokapū o te whakaakoranga haumanu o te pokanga tuaiwi. Nā te uaua o te hanganga o te tuaiwi me te mea e uru ana ngā kiko nui pēnei i te taurakira, ngā io tuaiwi, me ngā oko toto ki te pokanga, me whai whakaaro ā-wāhi ngā ākonga kia ako ai. I mua, i whakamahia e ngā ākonga ngā whakaahua rua-ahu pēnei i ngā whakaahua pukapuka me ngā whakaahua ataata hei whakamārama i te mātauranga e tika ana, engari ahakoa te nui o ngā rauemi, kāore i te mārama ngā ākonga ki tēnei āhuatanga, ā, i uaua ai te mārama. I runga i ngā āhuatanga uaua o te tinana me te mate o te tuaiwi, pēnei i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā io tuaiwi me ngā wāhanga o te tinana tuaiwi, mō ētahi o ngā mea nui me ngā mea uaua, pēnei i te whakaahua me te whakarōpūtanga o ngā whati tuaiwi o te kaki. He maha ngā ākonga i kī he āhua koretake te ihirangi o te pokanga tuaiwi, ā, kāore e taea e rātou te tino mārama i roto i ā rātou akoranga, ā, ka warewarehia te mātauranga kua akohia i muri tata mai i te akomanga, ka uaua ai te mahi tūturu.
Mā te whakamahi i te hangarau tirohanga 3D, ka whakaatuhia e te kaituhi ngā whakaahua 3D mārama ki ngā ākonga, ko ngā wāhanga rerekē e whakaatuhia ana e ngā tae rerekē. Nā ngā mahi pēnei i te hurihanga, te tauine me te mārama, ka taea te tiro i te tauira tuaiwi me ngā whakaahua CT i roto i ngā paparanga. Ehara i te mea ka taea te kite mārama i ngā āhuatanga hanganga o te tinana tuaiwi anake, engari ka whakaoho hoki i te hiahia o ngā ākonga ki te tiki i tētahi whakaahua CT hoha o te tuaiwi, me te whakapakari ake i te mōhiotanga i roto i te mara o te tirohanga. He rerekē ki ngā tauira me ngā taputapu whakaako i whakamahia i mua, ka taea e te mahi tukatuka mārama te whakaoti rapanga o te aukati, ā, he watea ake mō ngā ākonga te tirotiro i te hanganga hanganga pai me te ahunga uaua o ngā io, inā koa mō ngā tīmatanga. Ka taea e ngā ākonga te mahi noa mena ka mauria mai e rātou ā rātou ake rorohiko, ā, kāore he utu e pā ana. He whakakapinga pai tēnei tikanga mō te whakangungu tuku iho mā te whakamahi i ngā whakaahua 2D [14]. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i pai ake te mahi a te rōpū whakahaere i ngā pātai whāinga, e tohu ana kāore e taea te whakakorekore katoa i te tauira whakaako kōrero, ā, he uara tonu i roto i te whakaako haumanu o te pokanga tuaiwi. Nā tēnei kitenga i akiaki mātou ki te whakaaro mēnā me whakakotahi te aratau ako tuku iho me te aratau ako PBL i whakarei ake mā te hangarau tirohanga 3D, me te arotahi ki ngā momo whakamātautau rerekē me ngā ākonga o ngā taumata rerekē, kia nui ake ai te pānga mātauranga. Heoi, kāore i te mārama mēnā ka taea te whakakotahi i ēnei huarahi e rua, ā, me pēhea hoki, ā, mēnā ka whakaaetia e ngā ākonga tētahi huinga pēnei, ka taea te waiho hei huarahi mō ngā rangahau ā muri ake nei. Kei tēnei rangahau anō hoki ētahi ngoikoretanga pēnei i te whakaū pea i te wā e whakaoti ana ngā ākonga i tētahi pātai i muri i te mōhio ka whai wāhi rātou ki tētahi tauira mātauranga hou. Ka whakatinanahia tēnei whakamātautau whakaako i roto i te horopaki o te pokanga tuaiwi anake, ā, me whai whakamātautau anō mēnā ka taea te whakamahi ki te whakaako i ngā momo pokanga katoa.
Ka whakakotahi mātou i te hangarau whakaahua 3D me te aratau whakangungu PBL, ka wikitoria i ngā herenga o te aratau whakangungu tuku iho me ngā taputapu whakaako, ā, ka ako i te whakamahinga mahi o tēnei huinga i roto i te whakangungu whakamātautau haumanu i roto i te pokanga tuaiwi. E ai ki ngā hua whakamātautau, he pai ake ngā hua whakamātautau whaiaro o ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakamātautau i ērā o ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakahaere (P < 0.05), ā, he pai ake hoki te mōhiotanga ngaio me te makona ki ngā akoranga a ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakamātautau i ērā o ngā ākonga o te rōpū whakamātautau. rōpū whakahaere (P<0.05). He pai ake ngā hua o te rangahau pātai i ērā o te rōpū whakahaere (P < 0.05). Nō reira, e whakaū ana ā mātou whakamātautau he whai hua te huinga o ngā hangarau PBL me te 3DV hei āwhina i ngā ākonga ki te whakamahi i te whakaaro haumanu, ki te whiwhi mōhiotanga ngaio, me te whakanui ake i ō rātou hiahia ki te ako.
Mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā hangarau PBL me te 3DV ka taea te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o ngā mahi haumanu a ngā ākonga hauora i roto i te mara o te pokanga tuaiwi, te whakarei ake i te whai huatanga ako me te hiahia o ngā ākonga, me te āwhina i te whakawhanake i te whakaaro haumanu o ngā ākonga. He nui ngā painga o te hangarau whakaahua 3D ki te whakaako i te hanganga tinana, ā, he pai ake te hua whakaako whānui i te momo whakaako tuku iho.
Kei te wātea mai i ngā kaituhi ngā huinga raraunga i whakamahia, i tātarihia rānei i roto i te rangahau o nāianei mēnā he tono tika. Kāore i a mātou he whakaaetanga matatika ki te tukuake i ngā huinga raraunga ki te putunga raraunga. Kia mōhio mai kua hunaia ngā raraunga rangahau katoa hei pupuri i te muna.
Cook DA, Reid DA Ngā tikanga mō te aromatawai i te kounga o te rangahau mātauranga hauora: Te Taputapu Kounga Rangahau Mātauranga Hauora me te Tauine Mātauranga Newcastle-Ottawa. Te Kura o Ngā Pūtaiao Hauora. 2015;90(8):1067–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000786.
Chotyarnwong P, Bunnasa W, Chotyarnwong S, et al. Te ako ataata me te ako kōrero tuku iho i roto i te mātauranga osteoporosis: he whakamātautau matapōkeretia. Ngā rangahau whakamātautau haumanu mō te koroheketanga. 2021;33(1):125–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01514-2.
Parr MB, Sweeney NM Te Whakamahi i te Whakatauira Tūroro Tangata i roto i ngā Akoranga Tiaki Kaha Paetahi. Critical Care Nurse V. 2006;29(3):188–98. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002727-200607000-00003.
Upadhyay SK, Bhandari S., Gimire SR Whakamana i ngā taputapu aromatawai ako e hangai ana ki ngā pātai. mātauranga hauora. 2011;45(11):1151–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04123.x.
Khaki AA, Tubbs RS, Zarintan S. et al. Ngā tirohanga me te makona o ngā ākonga hauora tau tuatahi ki te ako rapanga-raruraru, me te whakaakoranga tuku iho o te hanganga tinana whānui: te whakauru i te hanganga tinana raruraru ki roto i te marautanga tuku iho o Īrāna. International Journal of Medical Sciences (Qasim). 2007;1(1):113–8.
Henderson KJ, Coppens ER, Burns S. Tangohia ngā arai ki te whakatinana i te ako e hangai ana ki ngā raruraru. Ana J. 2021;89(2):117–24.
Ruizoto P, Juanes JA, Contador I, et al. Ngā taunakitanga whakamātautau mō te whakamaoritanga neuroimaging pai ake mā te whakamahi i ngā tauira whakairoiro 3D. Tātaritanga o te mātauranga pūtaiao. 2012;5(3):132–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.1275.
Weldon M., Boyard M., Martin JL me ētahi atu. Te whakamahi i te whakaaturanga 3D tauwhitiwhiti i roto i te mātauranga neuropsychiatric. Koiora hauora whakamātautau matatau. 2019;1138:17–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14227-8_2.
Oderina OG, Adegbulugbe IS, Orenuga OO me ētahi atu. Te whakataurite i te ako-raruraru me ngā tikanga whakaako tuku iho i waenga i ngā ākonga kura niho o Nigeria. European Journal of Dental Education. 2020;24(2):207–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/eje.12486.
Lyons, ML Epistemology, Medicine, and Problem-based Learning: Te Whakauru i te Ahu Epistemological ki roto i te Marautanga Kura Hauora, Pukapuka ā-ringa mō te Hapori o te Mātauranga Hauora. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group, 2009. 221-38.
Ghani ASA, Rahim AFA, Yusof MSB, et al. Te whanonga ako whai hua i roto i te ako rapanga-ā-raruraru: He arotake i te whānuitanga. Mātauranga hauora. 2021;31(3):1199–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-021-01292-0.
Hodges HF, Messi AT. Ngā hua o tētahi kaupapa whakangungu ngaio kaupapa i waenga i ngā kaupapa Pre-Bachelor of Nursing me te Doctor of Pharmacy. Journal of Nursing Education. 2015;54(4):201–6. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20150318-03.
Wang Hui, Xuan Jie, Liu Li me ētahi atu. Te ako e hangai ana ki ngā raruraru me ngā kaupapa i roto i te mātauranga niho. Ka whakamāori a Ann i te rongoā. 2021;9(14):1137. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-21-165.
Branson TM, Shapiro L., Venter RG Mā te tirotiro i te hanganga o te tūroro me te hangarau whakaahua 3D e whakapai ake te mōhiotanga ā-wāhi i roto i te whakamahere pokanga me te whakahaere i te rūma pokanga. Koiora hauora whakamātautau matatau. 2021;1334:23–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76951-2_2.
Tari Pokanga Tuaiwi, Hōhipera Peka o te Whare Wānanga Hauora o Xuzhou, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221006, Haina
I whai wāhi ngā kaituhi katoa ki te ariā me te hoahoa o te rangahau. Nā Sun Maji, Chu Fuchao, me Feng Yuan i whakarite rauemi, i kohikohi raraunga, i tātari hoki. Nā Chunjiu Gao i tuhi te tauira tuatahi o te tuhinga, ā, i kōrero ngā kaituhi katoa mō ngā putanga o mua o te tuhinga. I pānuihia, ā, i whakaaetia e ngā kaituhi te tuhinga whakamutunga.
I whakaaetia tēnei rangahau e te Komiti Matatika o ngā Hōhipera Hononga o te Whare Wānanga Hauora o Xuzhou (XYFY2017-JS029-01). I mua i te rangahau, i whakaae ngā kaiuru katoa ki tēnei rangahau, he pakeke hauora katoa ngā tāngata, ā, kāore te rangahau i takahi i te Whakapuakitanga o Helsinki. Me whakarite kia mahia ngā tikanga katoa i runga anō i ngā aratohu me ngā ture e tika ana.
Ka noho pūmau tonu a Springer Nature ki ngā kereme mana whakahaere i roto i ngā mapi kua whakaputaina me ngā hononga ki ngā umanga.
Urunga tuwhera. Kua tohatohahia tēnei tuhinga i raro i te Raihana Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, e whakaae ana ki te whakamahinga, te tiritiri, te urutau, te tohatoha, me te tārua i roto i tētahi momo me te whakatakotoranga, mena ka whakamihi koe i te kaituhi taketake me te pūtake, mena ka honoa te raihana Creative Commons me te tohu mena kua mahia he huringa. Kei roto i te raihana Creative Commons mō tēnei tuhinga ngā whakaahua, ngā rauemi tuatoru rānei o tēnei tuhinga, ki te kore e tohua i roto i te tohutoro o te rauemi. Mena kāore te rauemi i roto i te raihana Creative Commons o te tuhinga, ā, kāore te whakamahinga e whakaarohia ana e whakaaetia e te ture, e te ture whakahaere rānei, e neke atu rānei i te whakamahinga e whakaaetia ana, me tiki whakaaetanga tika koe mai i te kaipupuri mana pupuri. Hei tiro i tētahi kape o tēnei raihana, tirohia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Ka pā te whakakape rohe tūmatanui Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ki ngā raraunga i whakaratohia i roto i tēnei tuhinga, ki te kore e tohua i roto i te kaituhi o ngā raraunga.
Sun Ming, Chu Fang, Gao Cheng, me ētahi atu. Te whakaahua 3D i honoa ki tētahi tauira ako e hangai ana ki ngā raruraru i roto i te whakaako i te pokanga tuaiwi BMC Medical Education 22, 840 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03931-5
Mā te whakamahi i tēnei pae tukutuku, e whakaae ana koe ki ā mātou Ture Whakamahi, ō mana tūmataiti o te kawanatanga o Amerika, Tauākī Tūmataitinga me te Kaupapahere Pihikete. Ō Kōwhiringa Tūmataitinga / Whakahaere i ngā Pihikete e Whakamahia ana e Mātou i te Pokapū Tautuhinga.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-04-2023