Ngā mihi nui ki a koe mō tō toro mai ki Nature.com. He iti noa te tautoko CSS mō te putanga o te pūtirotiro e whakamahia ana e koe. Mō ngā hua pai rawa atu, ka tūtohu mātou kia whakamahia he putanga hou ake o tō pūtirotiro (kia whakawetohia rānei te aratau hototahi i roto i te Internet Explorer). I tēnei wā, hei whakarite i te tautoko tonu, kei te whakaatu mātou i te pae me te kore he momo kāhua, he JavaScript rānei.
I aromatawaihia e tēnei rangahau te kanorau ā-rohe o te āhua o te angaanga tangata mā te whakamahi i tētahi tauira ōritetanga āhuahanga i runga i ngā raraunga matawai mai i ngā iwi 148 huri noa i te ao. Ka whakamahia e tēnei tikanga te hangarau whakauru tauira hei whakaputa i ngā mata ōrite mā te mahi i ngā panonitanga kore-pūmau mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha tata tata. Mā te whakamahi i te tātaritanga wāhanga matua ki ngā tauira ōrite 342 kua tīpakohia, i kitea te panonitanga nui rawa atu o te rahi whānui, ā, i whakaūtia mārama mō tētahi angaanga iti mai i Āhia ki te Tonga. Ko te tuarua o ngā rerekētanga nui ko te ōwehenga roa ki te whānui o te neurocranium, e whakaatu ana i te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā angaanga roa o ngā Āwherika me ngā angaanga pūkohu o ngā Āhia ki te Raki-mā-rāwhiti. He mea tika kia mōhiotia he iti noa te pānga o tēnei whakauru ki te āhua o te mata. I whakaūtia anō ngā āhuatanga mata rongonui pērā i ngā paparinga e kokiri ana i ngā Āhia ki te Raki-mā-rāwhiti me ngā wheua maxillary kiato i ngā Pākehā. He hononga tata ēnei panonitanga mata ki te āhua o te angaanga, inā koa te nui o te piko o ngā wheua o mua me te occipital. I kitea ngā tauira allometric i roto i ngā ōwehenga mata e pā ana ki te rahi katoa o te angaanga; I roto i ngā angaanga nunui ake, he roa ake, he whaiti ake ngā āhua o te mata, e ai ki ngā whakaaturanga a te tini o ngā tāngata whenua o Amerika me te hunga o te Tai Rāwhiti o Āhia. Ahakoa kāore i roto i tā mātou rangahau ngā raraunga mō ngā taurangi taiao ka pā ki te āhua o te angaanga, pērā i te āhuarangi, i ngā āhuatanga kai rānei, ka whai hua te huinga raraunga nui o ngā tauira angaanga ōrite ki te rapu whakamārama rerekē mō ngā āhuatanga āhuahanga angaanga.
Kua roa te wā e rangahauhia ana ngā rerekētanga ā-whenua o te āhua o te angaanga tangata. He maha ngā kairangahau kua aromatawai i te kanorau o te urutau taiao me/ranei te kōwhiringa taiao, inā koa ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi1,2,3,4,5,6,7, te mahi ngote rānei i runga i ngā āhuatanga kai5,8,9,10, 11,12. 13. . Hei tāpiri, kua arotahi ētahi rangahau ki ngā pānga aukati, te nekenekehanga ira, te rere o te ira, ngā tukanga whanaketanga tūpono rānei i puta mai i ngā whakarerekētanga ira koretake14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23. Hei tauira, ko te āhua porowhita o te angaanga whānui ake me te poto ake kua whakamāramahia hei urutau ki te pēhanga whiriwhiri e ai ki te ture a Allen24, e kī ana ka whakaitihia e ngā kararehe te ngaronga wera mā te whakaiti i te horahanga o te mata o te tinana e pā ana ki te rōrahi2,4,16,17,25. Hei tāpiri, kua whakamāramahia e ētahi rangahau e whakamahi ana i te ture a Bergmann26 te whanaungatanga i waenga i te rahi o te angaanga me te pāmahana3,5,16,25,27, e kī ana ko te rahi whānui he nui ake i ngā rohe makariri hei ārai i te ngaronga o te wera. Kua tautohetia te awe ā-pūnaha o te ahotea ngote ki te tauira tipu o te angaanga me ngā wheua kanohi e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga kai e puta mai ana i te ahurea tunu kai, i ngā rerekētanga oranga rānei i waenga i ngā kaimahi pāmu me ngā kaiwhai-kohi8,9,11,12,28. Ko te whakamārama whānui ko te whakahekenga o te pēhanga ngaungau ka whakaiti i te pakeke o ngā wheua kanohi me ngā uaua. He maha ngā rangahau ā-ao kua hono i te kanorau o te āhua angaanga ki ngā hua phenotypic o te tawhiti ira koretake kaua ki te urutau taiao21,29,30,31,32. Ko tētahi atu whakamārama mō ngā huringa o te āhua angaanga e ahu mai ana i te ariā o te tipu isometric, allometric rānei6,33,34,35. Hei tauira, ko ngā roro nui ake he whānui ake ngā pito o mua i te rohe e kiia nei ko te "Broca's cap", ā, ka piki ake te whānui o ngā pito o mua, he tukanga whanaketanga e whakaarohia ana i runga i te tipu allometric. Hei tāpiri, i kitea i roto i tētahi rangahau e tirotiro ana i ngā huringa roa o te āhua o te angaanga he ia allometric ki te brachycephaly (te ia o te angaanga kia porowhita ake) me te piki haere o te teitei33.
He roa te hītori o te rangahau mō te āhua o te angaanga, tae atu ki ngā ngana ki te tautuhi i ngā āhuatanga matua e pā ana ki ngā momo āhuatanga o te kanorau o ngā āhua o te angaanga. Ko ngā tikanga tuku iho i whakamahia i roto i ngā rangahau tōmua maha i ahu mai i ngā raraunga ine raina rua-taurangi, he maha ngā wā e whakamahi ana i ngā whakamāramatanga a Martin, a Howell rānei36,37. I taua wā anō, he maha ngā rangahau kua whakahuatia ake nei i whakamahi i ngā tikanga matatau ake i runga i te hangarau ine āhuahanga 3D ā-wāhi (GM)5,7,10,11,12,13,17,20,27,34,35,38. 39. Hei tauira, ko te tikanga paheke haurua-landmark, i runga i te whakaiti i te pūngao piko, koinei te tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te koiora whakawhiti-ira. Ka whakaatahia ngā tohu-haurua o te tauira ki runga i ia tauira mā te paheke i te taha o te kōpiko, i te mata rānei38,40,41,42,43,44,45,46. Tae atu ki ēnei tikanga taupatupatu, ko te nuinga o ngā rangahau GM 3D e whakamahi ana i te tātaritanga Procrustes whānui, te pūnaha ine tata (ICP) auau 47 hei tuku i te whakataurite tika o ngā āhua me te hopu i ngā huringa. Heoi anō, ko te tikanga angiangi pereti spline (TPS)48,49 e whakamahia whānuitia ana hoki hei tikanga whakawhiti kore-pūmau mō te mahere i ngā whakarārangitanga haurua-whenua ki ngā āhua e hangai ana ki te mata.
I te whanaketanga o ngā matawai tinana-katoa 3D whai hua mai i te mutunga o te rautau 20, he maha ngā rangahau kua whakamahi i ngā matawai tinana-katoa 3D mō ngā ine rahi50,51. I whakamahia ngā raraunga matawai hei tango i ngā inenga tinana, e hiahia ana kia whakaahuahia ngā āhua mata hei mata kaua ki ngā kapua pūwāhi. Ko te taunga tauira he tikanga i whakawhanakehia mō tēnei kaupapa i roto i te mara o ngā whakairoiro rorohiko, e whakaahuahia ana te āhua o te mata e te tauira mata maha-rau. Ko te taahiraa tuatahi i roto i te taunga tauira ko te whakarite i tētahi tauira mata hei whakamahi hei tauira. Ko ētahi o ngā pito e hanga ana i te tauira he tohu whenua. Kātahi ka whakapēhia te tauira ka whakaritea ki te mata hei whakaiti i te tawhiti i waenga i te tauira me te kapua pūwāhi me te pupuri i ngā āhuatanga āhua ā-rohe o te tauira. Ko ngā tohu whenua i roto i te tauira e rite ana ki ngā tohu whenua i roto i te kapua pūwāhi. Mā te whakamahi i te taunga tauira, ka taea te whakaahua i ngā raraunga matawai katoa hei tauira mata me te maha o ngā tohu raraunga me te āhua rite. Ahakoa kei roto noa i ngā tūranga tohu whenua te ōritetanga tika, ka taea te whakaaro he ōritetanga whānui i waenga i ngā tauira kua hangaia mai i te mea he iti ngā huringa i roto i te āhuahanga o ngā tauira. Nō reira, ko ngā tauira whatunga i hangaia e te whakaurunga tauira ka kiia i ētahi wā ko ngā tauira homology52. Ko te painga o te whakaurunga tauira ko te taea te whakarerekē i te tauira me te whakarite ki ngā wāhanga rerekē o te mea ūnga e tata ana ki te mata engari he tawhiti atu i a ia (hei tauira, te āwhata zygomatic me te rohe wā o te angaanga) me te kore e pā tetahi ki tetahi. te whakarerekētanga. Mā tēnei ara, ka taea te whakau i te tauira ki ngā mea peka pēnei i te tinana, i te ringa rānei, me te pakihiwi i te tūranga tū. Ko te ngoikoretanga o te whakaurunga tauira ko te utu tatau teitei ake o ngā whakahoutanga maha, heoi, nā ngā whakapainga nui o te mahi rorohiko, kāore tēnei he raruraru. Mā te tātari i ngā uara taunga o ngā pito e hanga ana i te tauira mata mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tātari maha-taurangi pēnei i te tātari wāhanga matua (PCA), ka taea te tātari i ngā huringa o te āhua mata katoa me te āhua mariko i tetahi tūranga i roto i te tohatoha. ka taea te whiwhi. Tātaihia me te whakaahuahia53. I ēnei rā, he whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā tauira mata i hangaia e te whakaurunga tauira i roto i te tātari āhua i roto i ngā mara maha52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Ko ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau tuhi mata ngāwari, me te tere o te whanaketanga o ngā taputapu matawai 3D kawe ka taea te matawai i te taumira teitei ake, te tere, me te nekenekehanga teitei ake i te CT, kei te whakangāwari ake i te tuhi raraunga mata 3D ahakoa te wāhi. Nō reira, i roto i te mara o te mātauranga koiora, ka whakarei ake ēnei hangarau hou i te kaha ki te ine me te tātari tatauranga i ngā tauira tangata, tae atu ki ngā tauira angaanga, koinei te kaupapa o tēnei rangahau.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ka whakamahia e tēnei rangahau te hangarau whakatauira homology 3D matatau i runga i te taurite tauira (Pikitia 1) hei aromatawai i ngā tauira angaanga 342 i tīpakohia mai i ngā taupori 148 o te ao mā roto i ngā whakatairite whenua puta noa i te ao. Te kanorau o te āhua o te angaanga (Ripanga 1). Hei whakaaro mō ngā huringa o te āhua o te angaanga, i whakamahia e mātou ngā tātaritanga PCA me ngā tātaritanga āhuatanga whakahaere kaiwhiwhi (ROC) ki te huinga raraunga o te tauira homology i hangaia e mātou. Ka whai wāhi ngā kitenga ki te mārama ake ki ngā huringa ā-ao o te āhua o te angaanga, tae atu ki ngā tauira ā-rohe me te hekenga o te raupapa huringa, ngā huringa honohono i waenga i ngā wāhanga angaanga, me te aroaro o ngā ia allometric. Ahakoa kāore tēnei rangahau e aro ki ngā raraunga mō ngā taurangi o waho e tohuhia ana e te āhuarangi, ngā āhuatanga kai rānei ka pā ki te āhua o te angaanga, ko ngā tauira whenua o te āhua o te angaanga kua tuhia i roto i tā mātou rangahau ka āwhina i te tūhura i ngā āhuatanga taiao, koiora, me te ira o te rerekētanga o te angaanga.
E whakaatu ana te Ripanga 2 i ngā uara matua me ngā tauwehenga takoha PCA i whakamahia ki tētahi huinga raraunga kāore i te paerewahia o ngā pito 17,709 (53,127 ngā taunga XYZ) o ngā tauira angaanga ōrite 342. Nō reira, i tautuhia e 14 ngā wāhanga matua, ko te takoha ki te rerekētanga katoa he nui ake i te 1%, ā, ko te katoa o te rerekētanga he 83.68%. Kua tuhia ngā weka utaina o ngā wāhanga matua 14 ki te Ripanga Tāpiri S1, ā, ko ngā kaute wāhanga i tatauhia mō ngā tauira angaanga 342 kua whakaaturia ki te Ripanga Tāpiri S2.
I arotakehia e tēnei rangahau ngā wāhanga matua e iwa me ngā takoha neke atu i te 2%, ko ētahi o ēnei e whakaatu ana i ngā rerekētanga matawhenua nui me te hiranga o te āhua o te angaanga. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 2 i ngā kōpiko i hangaia mai i te tātaritanga ROC hei whakaatu i ngā wāhanga PCA tino whai hua mō te whakaahua, te wehewehe rānei i ia huinga tauira puta noa i ngā wae matawhenua nui (hei tauira, i waenga i ngā whenua Āwherika me ngā whenua ehara i te whenua Āwherika). Kāore i whakamatautauria te huinga Poronihia nā te iti o te tauira i whakamahia i roto i tēnei whakamātautau. Ko ngā raraunga e pā ana ki te hiranga o ngā rerekētanga i roto i te AUC me ētahi atu tatauranga taketake i tatauhia mā te whakamahi i te tātaritanga ROC e whakaaturia ana i roto i te Ripanga Tāpiri S3.
I whakamahia ngā kōpiko ROC ki ngā whakatau tata wāhanga matua e iwa i runga i tētahi huinga raraunga vertex e 342 ngā tauira angaanga tāne ōrite. AUC: Te horahanga i raro i te kōpiko i te 0.01% te hiranga i whakamahia hei wehewehe i ia huinga whenua mai i ētahi atu huinga katoa. Ko te TPF he pono pai (te wehewehe whai hua), ko te FPF he teka pai (te wehewehe koretake).
Kei raro nei te whakarāpopototanga o te kōpiko ROC, e aro ana ki ngā wāhanga ka taea te wehewehe i ngā rōpū whakatairite mā te whai i te AUC nui, nui rānei, me te taumata hiranga teitei me te tūponotanga kei raro i te 0.001. Ko te matatini o Āhia ki te Tonga (Pikitia 2a), he tauira nō Īnia te nuinga, he rerekē rawa atu i ētahi atu tauira kua whakaranua ā-whenua, nā te mea he nui ake te AUC o te wāhanga tuatahi (PC1) (0.856) ki te whakataurite ki ngā wāhanga kē atu. Ko tētahi āhuatanga o te matatini o Āwherika (Pikitia 2b) ko te AUC nui o PC2 (0.834). I whakaatu ngā tāngata o Austro-Melanesia (Pikitia 2c) i tētahi ia rite ki ngā tāngata o Āwherika ki te Tonga-Sahara mā PC2 me te AUC nui ake (0.759). He mārama te rerekētanga o ngā Pākehā (Pikitia 2d) i roto i te huinga o PC2 (AUC = 0.801), PC4 (AUC = 0.719) me PC6 (AUC = 0.671), he tino rerekē te tauira o Āhia ki te Rawhiti (Pikitia 2e) i te PC4, he nui ake te 0.714, ā, he ngoikore te rerekētanga mai i te PC3 (AUC = 0.688). I tautuhia hoki ngā rōpū e whai ake nei he iti ake ngā uara AUC me ngā taumata hiranga teitei ake: I whakaatuhia e ngā hua mō te PC7 (AUC = 0.679), PC4 (AUC = 0.654) me te PC1 (AUC = 0.649) ko ngā tāngata whenua o Amerika (Pikitia 2f) me ngā āhuatanga motuhake e pā ana ki ēnei wāhanga, ko ngā tāngata o Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti (Pikitia 2g) i rerekē puta noa i te PC3 (AUC = 0.660) me te PC9 (AUC = 0.663), engari ko te tauira mō ngā tauira mai i te Waenganui Rawhiti (Pikitia 2h) (tae atu ki Āwherika ki te Raki) i rite. Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi atu, kāore he rerekētanga nui.
I te taahiraa e whai ake nei, hei whakamārama ā-kanohi i ngā pito e tino hono ana, ka pania ngā wāhi o te mata he nui ake ngā uara kawenga i te 0.45 ki ngā mōhiohio taunga X, Y, me Z, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 3. E whakaatu ana te wāhi whero i te hononga nui ki ngā taunga tuaka-X, e rite ana ki te ahunga whakarara whakapae. He tino hononga te rohe matomato ki te taunga poutū o te tuaka Y, ā, he tino hononga te rohe kikorangi pouri ki te taunga sagittal o te tuaka Z. E hono ana te rohe kikorangi mārama ki ngā tuaka taunga Y me ngā tuaka taunga Z; māwhero – te wāhi whakauru e hono ana ki ngā tuaka taunga X me Z; kōwhai – te wāhi e hono ana ki ngā tuaka taunga X me Y; Ko te wāhi mā he mea whakaata i te tuaka taunga X, Y me Z. Nō reira, i tēnei paepae uara kawenga, ko te PC 1 te nuinga e hono ana ki te mata katoa o te angaanga. Ko te āhua angaanga mariko 3 SD i te taha ke o tēnei tuaka wāhanga e whakaaturia ana hoki i roto i tēnei pikitia, ā, e whakaatuhia ana ngā whakaahua piko i roto i te Ataata Tāpiri S1 hei whakaū ā-kanohi kei roto i te PC1 ngā āhuatanga o te rahi katoa o te angaanga.
Ko te tohatoha auau o ngā kaute PC1 (te pihi taunga noa), he hononga nui te mahere tae o te mata o te angaanga ki ngā tihi PC1 (te whakamārama o ngā tae e pā ana ki te Ko te rahi o ngā taha whakarara o tēnei tuaka he 3 SD. Ko te tauine he porowhita matomato me te diameter o te 50 mm.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 3 i tētahi kauwhata tohatoha auau (te kōpiko taunga noa) o ngā kaute PC1 takitahi i tatauhia motuhake mō ngā waeine matawhenua e 9. Haunga ngā whakatau tata o te kōpiko ROC (Pikitia 2), he nui te piko o ngā whakatau tata a ngā tāngata o Āhia ki te Tonga ki te taha maui nā te mea he iti ake ō rātou angaanga i ērā o ētahi atu rōpū rohe. E ai ki te Ripanga 1, ko ēnei tāngata o Āhia ki te Tonga e tohu ana i ngā rōpū iwi i Īnia tae atu ki ngā Moutere o Andaman me Nicobar, Sri Lanka me Bangladesh.
I kitea te tauwehenga ā-ahu i runga i te PC1. Nā te kitenga o ngā rohe tino hononga me ngā āhua mariko i hua ake ai te whakamārama i ngā āhua mō ngā wāhanga ehara i te PC1; heoi, kāore i te tino whakakorea ngā āhua rahi. E ai ki te whakataurite i ngā kōpiko ROC (Pikitia 2), ko PC2 me PC4 ngā mea tino wehewehe, ā, whai muri ko PC6 me PC7. He tino whai hua te PC3 me te PC9 ki te wehewehe i te taupori tauira ki ngā waeine matawhenua. Nō reira, e whakaatu ana ēnei takirua o ngā tuaka waeine i ngā kauwhata marara o ngā kaute PC me ngā mata tae e tino hononga ana ki ia waeine, tae atu ki ngā whakarerekētanga āhua mariko me ngā āhua o ngā taha whakarara o te 3 SD (Pikitia 4, 5, 6). Ko te taupoki anga kōpiko o ngā tauira mai i ia waeine matawhenua e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ēnei kauwhata he tata ki te 90%, ahakoa he iti te taupatupatu i roto i ngā tautau. Kei te Ripanga 3 he whakamārama mō ia waeine PCA.
Ngā kauwhata marara o ngā kaute PC2 me PC4 mō ngā tāngata takitahi o te angaanga mai i ngā waeine whenua e iwa (runga) me ngā waeine whenua e whā (raro), ngā kauwhata o te tae o te mata o te angaanga o ngā tihi e tino hono ana ki ia PC (e pā ana ki a X, Y, Z). Te whakamārama tae o ngā tuaka: tirohia te tuhinga), me te whakarerekētanga o te āhua mariko i ngā taha rerekē o ēnei tuaka he 3 SD. Ko te tauine he porowhita matomato me te diameter o te 50 mm.
Ngā kauwhata marara o ngā kaute PC6 me PC7 mō ngā takitahi angaanga mai i ngā waeine matawhenua e iwa (runga) me ngā waeine matawhenua e rua (raro), ngā kauwhata tae mata angaanga mō ngā tihi e tino hono ana ki ia PC (e pā ana ki a X, Y, Z). Te whakamārama tae o ngā tuaka: tirohia te tuhinga), me te whakarerekētanga o te āhua mariko i ngā taha rerekē o ēnei tuaka he 3 SD. Ko te tauine he porowhita matomato me te diameter o te 50 mm.
Ko ngā kauwhata marara o ngā kaute PC3 me PC9 mō ngā tāngata takitahi o te angaanga mai i ngā waeine whenua e iwa (runga) me ngā waeine whenua e toru (raro), me ngā kauwhata tae o te mata o te angaanga (e pā ana ki ngā tuaka X, Y, Z) o ngā tihi e tino hono ana ki ia whakamaoritanga tae PC: cm . tuhinga), tae atu ki ngā whakarerekētanga āhua mariko i ngā taha rerekē o ēnei tuaka me te rahi o te 3 SD. Ko te tauine he porowhita matomato me te diameter o te 50 mm.
I roto i te kauwhata e whakaatu ana i ngā kaute o PC2 me PC4 (Pikitia 4, Ngā Ataata Tāpiri S2, S3 e whakaatu ana i ngā whakaahua kua whakarerekētia), ka whakaaturia hoki te mahere tae o te mata ina whakatakotoria te paepae uara kawenga ki runga ake i te 0.4, he iti iho i te PC1 nā te mea he iti iho te uara kawenga katoa o te PC2 i te PC1.
Te toronga o ngā pū o mua me ngā pū occipital i te taha o te tuaka-Z (kikorangi pouri) me te pū parietal i te taha o te korona (whero) i te māwhero), te tuaka-Y o te pū o te hope (kakariki) me te tuaka-Z o te rae (kikorangi pouri). E whakaatu ana tēnei kauwhata i ngā kaute mō ngā tāngata katoa o te ao; heoi, ina whakaatuhia ngātahi ngā tauira katoa he maha ngā rōpū i te wā kotahi, he tino uaua te whakamārama i ngā tauira marara nā te nui o te taupatupatu; nō reira, mai i ngā waeine whenua matua e whā anake (arā, Āwherika, Ahitereiria-Melanesia, Ūropi, me te Tai Rāwhiti o Āhia), ka marara ngā tauira i raro i te kauwhata me te 3 SD te whakarerekētanga angaanga mariko i roto i tēnei awhe o ngā kaute PC. I roto i te ahua, he takirua kaute a PC2 me PC4. He nui ake te taupatupatu o ngā Āwherika me ngā Austro-Melanesia, ā, ka tohatohahia ki te taha matau, ko ngā Pākehā ia ka marara ki te taha maui o runga, ā, ko ngā Āhia o te Tai Rāwhiti ka noho tahi ki te taha maui o raro. E whakaatu ana te tuaka whakapae o PC2 he roa ake te angaanga roro o ngā Āwherika/Melanesia o Ahitereiria i ētahi atu tāngata. Ko te PC4, e wehewehea whānuitia ana ngā huinga o Ūropi me te raki-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia, e pā ana ki te rahi me te whakaaturanga o ngā wheua zygomatic me te āhua taha o te calvarium. E whakaatu ana te kaupapa whakatauranga he kuiti ngā wheua maxillary me zygomatic o te Pākehā, he iti ake te wāhi fossa temporal e herea ana e te zygomatic arch, he wheua o mua e teitei ake ana, me te wheua occipital papatahi, iti, ko te hunga o te raki-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia he whānui ake, he nui ake te kitea o ngā wheua zygomatic. He piko te lobe o mua, he teitei ake te turanga o te wheua occipital.
Ina arotahi ki te PC6 me te PC7 (Pikitia 5) (Ngā Ataata Tāpiri S4, S5 e whakaatu ana i ngā whakaahua kua whakarerekētia), ka whakaatuhia e te kauwhata tae he paepae uara kawenga nui atu i te 0.3, e tohu ana kei te hono te PC6 ki te āhua o te maxillary, o te alveolar rānei (whero: tuaka X me te kakariki). Tuaka Y), te āhua o te wheua temporal (kikorangi: tuaka Y me Z) me te āhua o te wheua occipital (māwhero: tuaka X me Z). Haunga te whānui o te rae (whero: tuaka-X), ka hono anō hoki te PC7 ki te teitei o ngā alveoli maxillary o mua (kakariki: tuaka-Y) me te āhua o te upoko o te tuaka-Z huri noa i te rohe parietotemporal (kikorangi pouri). I te papa o runga o te Pikitia 5, ka tohatohahia ngā tauira matawhenua katoa e ai ki ngā kaute wāhanga PC6 me te PC7. Nā te mea e tohu ana a ROC kei roto i te PC6 ngā āhuatanga ahurei ki Ūropi, ā, ko te PC7 te tohu i ngā āhuatanga o ngā Iwi Taketake o Amerika i roto i tēnei tātari, i tohua motuhaketia ēnei tauira rohe e rua ki runga i tēnei takirua o ngā tuaka wāhanga. Ahakoa he whānui te whakauru o ngā Iwi Taketake o Amerika ki te tauira, kei te kokonga maui o runga te marara; I tetahi atu taha, he maha ngā tauira Pākehā kei te kokonga matau o raro. Ko te takirua PC6 me te PC7 e tohu ana i te tukanga alveolar whaiti me te neurocanium whānui o te Pākehā, ko ngā Amerikana ia he rae whaiti, he maxilla nui ake, me te tukanga alveolar whānui me te roa ake.
I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga ROC he mea noa te PC3 me/ranei te PC9 i roto i ngā taupori o te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti me te Rawhiti-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia. Nō reira, ko ngā takirua kaute PC3 (mata o runga matomato i te tuaka-y) me te PC9 (mata o raro matomato i te tuaka-y) (Pikitia 6; Ngā Ataata Tāpiri S6, S7 e whakarato ana i ngā whakaahua kua whakarerekētia) e whakaata ana i te kanorau o ngā tāngata o Āhia ki te Rawhiti. , he rerekē rawa atu ki ngā ōwehenga mata teitei o ngā tāngata o Āhia ki te Rawhiti-mā-rāwhiti me te āhua mata iti o ngā tāngata o Āhia ki te Rawhiti-mā-rāwhiti. Haunga ēnei āhuatanga mata, ko tētahi atu āhuatanga o ētahi tāngata o Āhia ki te Rawhiti-mā-rāwhiti ko te piko lambda o te wheua occipital, ko ētahi o ngā tāngata o Āhia ki te Rawhiti-mā-rāwhiti he turanga angaanga whaiti.
Kua tangohia te whakaahuatanga o ngā wāhanga matua me te whakaahuatanga o PC5 me PC8 i runga ake nei nā te mea kāore i kitea he āhuatanga rohe motuhake i roto i ngā waeine matawhenua matua e iwa. Ko te PC5 e pā ana ki te rahi o te tukanga mastoid o te wheua temporal, ā, e whakaata ana te PC8 i te kore taurite o te āhua o te angaanga whānui, e whakaatu ana i ngā rerekētanga ōrite i waenga i ngā huinga tauira matawhenua e iwa.
Haunga ngā kauwhata marara o ngā kaute PCA taumata-takitahi, ka whakaratohia hoki e mātou he kauwhata marara o ngā toharite rōpū hei whakatairite whānui. Hei whakatutuki i tēnei, i hangaia he tauira ōrite angaanga toharite mai i tētahi huinga raraunga tihi o ngā tauira ōrite takitahi mai i ngā rōpū iwi 148. Ko ngā kauwhata taurite rua o ngā huinga kaute mō PC2 me PC4, PC6 me PC7, me PC3 me PC9 e whakaaturia ana i roto i te Pikitia Tāpiri S1, i tatauhia katoatia hei tauira angaanga toharite mō te tauira o ngā tāngata 148. Mā tēnei, ka huna e ngā kauwhata marara ngā rerekētanga takitahi i roto i ia rōpū, e āhei ai te whakamārama mārama ake i ngā ōritenga angaanga nā ngā tohatoha rohe kei raro, i reira ka ōrite ngā tauira ki ērā e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā kauwhata takitahi me te iti ake o te taupatupatu. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia Tāpiri S2 i te tauira toharite whānui mō ia wae whenua.
Haunga te PC1, i honoa ki te rahi whānui (Ripanga Tāpiri S2), i tirotirohia ngā whanaungatanga allometric i waenga i te rahi whānui me te āhua o te angaanga mā te whakamahi i ngā awhe pokapū me ngā huinga whakatau tata PCA mai i ngā raraunga kāore i te whakatauritea. Ko ngā tauwehenga allometric, ngā uara pumau, ngā uara t, me ngā uara P i roto i te whakamātautau hiranga e whakaaturia ana i te Ripanga 4. Kāore i kitea he wāhanga tauira allometric nui e honoa ana ki te rahi whānui o te angaanga i roto i tētahi āhua angaanga i te taumata P < 0.05.
Nā te mea ka whakaurua pea ētahi āhuatanga rahi ki ngā whakatau tata PC i runga i ngā huinga raraunga kāore i te whakatauritea, i tirotirohia anōtia e mātou te ia o te allometric i waenga i te rahi o te pokapū me ngā kaute PC i tatauhia mā te whakamahi i ngā huinga raraunga i whakatauritea e te rahi o te pokapū (kei roto i ngā Ripanga Tāpiri S6 ngā hua PCA me ngā huinga kaute). , C7). E whakaatu ana te Ripanga 4 i ngā hua o te tātari allometric. Nō reira, i kitea ngā ia allometric nui i te taumata 1% i PC6 me te taumata 5% i PC10. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 7 i ngā pari whakahekenga o ēnei whanaungatanga log-linear i waenga i ngā kaute PC me te rahi o te pokapū me ngā tāne (±3 SD) i ia pito o te rahi o te pokapū log. Ko te kaute PC6 te ōwehenga o te teitei me te whānui whanaunga o te angaanga. I te piki haere o te rahi o te angaanga, ka teitei ake te angaanga me te mata, ā, ka tata ake te rae, ngā kōpuku kanohi me ngā pongaponga ihu ki te taha. E kī ana te tauira o te mararatanga tauira he mea kitea tēnei ōwehenga i roto i ngā Āhia ki te Raki-mā-rāwhiti me ngā Iwi Taketake o Amerika. Heoi anō, e whakaatu ana te PC10 i te ia ki te whakahekenga ōwehenga i te whānui o waenganui o te mata ahakoa te rohe matawhenua.
Mō ngā whanaungatanga ā-ira nui kua whakarārangihia i roto i te ripanga, te pari o te whakatauira rārangi-rākau i waenga i te ōwehenga PC o te wāhanga āhua (i whiwhi mai i ngā raraunga kua whakatauritea) me te rahi pokapū, ko te rahi o te whakarerekētanga āhua mariko he 3 SD i te taha whakarara o te rārangi 4.
Kua whakaaturia te tauira e whai ake nei o ngā panonitanga o te āhua o te angaanga mā te tātari i ngā huinga raraunga o ngā tauira mata 3D ōrite. Ko te wāhanga tuatahi o te PCA e pā ana ki te rahi whānui o te angaanga. Kua roa te whakaaro ko ngā angaanga iti ake o ngā tāngata o Āhia ki te Tonga, tae atu ki ngā tauira mai i Īnia, Sri Lanka me ngā Moutere Andaman, Bangladesh, nā te iti o te rahi o te tinana, e rite ana ki te ture ecogeographic a Bergmann, te ture moutere rānei613,5,16,25,27,62. Ko te tuatahi e pā ana ki te pāmahana, ā, ko te tuarua e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wāhi e wātea ana me ngā rauemi kai o te āputa taiao. I roto i ngā wāhanga o te āhua, ko te panonitanga nui rawa atu ko te ōwehenga o te roa me te whānui o te angaanga. Ko tēnei āhuatanga, e kiia nei ko te PC2, e whakaahua ana i te whanaungatanga tata i waenga i ngā angaanga roa o ngā tāngata o Austro-Melanesia me ngā tāngata o Āwherika, me ngā rerekētanga mai i ngā angaanga porowhita o ētahi tāngata o Ūropi me ngā tāngata o Āhia ki te Rawhiti. Kua pūrongohia ēnei āhuatanga i roto i ngā rangahau maha o mua i runga i ngā inenga raina māmā37,63,64. Heoi anō, e pā ana tēnei āhuatanga ki te brachycephaly i roto i te hunga ehara i te Āwherika, kua roa nei e kōrerohia ana i roto i ngā rangahau anthropometric me osteometric. Ko te whakapae matua kei muri i tēnei whakamārama ko te whakaiti i te ngaungau, pērā i te angiangi o te uaua temporalis, ka whakaiti i te pēhanga ki runga i te tumuaki o waho5,8,9,10,11,12,13. Ko tētahi atu whakapae ko te urutau ki ngā āhuarangi makariri mā te whakaiti i te horahanga o te mata o te upoko, e kī ana ko te angaanga porowhita ake ka whakaiti i te horahanga o te mata pai ake i te āhua porowhita, e ai ki ngā ture a Allen16,17,25. I runga i ngā hua o te rangahau o nāianei, ka taea anake te aromatawai i ēnei whakapae i runga i te hononga whakawhiti o ngā wāhanga angaanga. Hei whakarāpopototanga, kāore ā mātou hua PCA e tautoko katoa i te whakapae he nui te awe o te ōwehenga roa-whānui o te angaanga e ngā āhuatanga ngaungau, nā te mea kāore i tino pā te kawenga PC2 (wāhanga roa/brachycephalic) ki ngā ōwehenga o te mata (tae atu ki ngā rahinga o runga). me te wāhi whanaunga o te fossa temporal (e whakaata ana i te rahinga o te uaua temporalis). Kāore tā mātou rangahau o nāianei i tātari i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te āhua o te angaanga me ngā āhuatanga taiao matawhenua pērā i te pāmahana; heoi anō, he mea tika pea kia whakaarohia he whakamārama i runga i te ture a Allen hei whakapae hei whakamārama i te brachycephalon i ngā rohe makariri.
I kitea he rerekētanga nui i roto i te PC4, e kī ana he nui, he mārama hoki ngā wheua zygomatic o ngā iwi o Āhia ki te Rawhiti ki runga i te maxilla me ngā wheua zygomatic. He rite tonu tēnei kitenga ki tētahi āhuatanga motuhake o ngā iwi o Siberia, e whakaarohia ana kua urutau ki ngā āhuarangi tino makariri mā te nekehanga whakamua o ngā wheua zygomatic, ka hua ake he nui ake te rahinga o ngā sinuses me te mata papatahi 65. Ko tētahi kitenga hou mai i tā mātou tauira ōrite ko te piko o te paparinga i roto i ngā iwi o Ūropi e pā ana ki te hekenga o te pari o mua, me ngā wheua occipital papatahi me te whaiti me te kōpiko o te nuchal. He rerekē, he rae piko ngā iwi o Āhia ki te Rawhiti ki runga, ā, he nui ake ngā rohe occipital. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau o te wheua occipital mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga morphometric geometric35 he papatahi te piko o te nuchal o ngā angaanga o Āhia me Ūropi, ā, he iti ake te tūranga o te occiput ki ērā o Āwherika. Heoi, i whakaatuhia e ā mātou kauwhata marara o ngā takirua PC2 me PC4 me PC3 me PC9 he rerekētanga nui ake i roto i ngā Āhia, engari ko ngā Pākehā he papatahi te turanga o te hope me te hope o raro. Ko ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga Āhia i waenga i ngā rangahau ka puta pea i ngā rerekētanga o ngā tauira iwi i whakamahia, i te mea he maha ngā rōpū iwi i tangohia e mātou mai i te whānuitanga o te Tai Rāwhiti me te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia. He maha ngā wā ka honoa ngā huringa o te āhua o te wheua hope ki te whanaketanga o te uaua. Heoi, kāore tēnei whakamārama urutau e whakamārama ana i te hononga i waenga i te rae me te āhua o te hope, i whakaaturia i roto i tēnei rangahau engari kāore pea i whakaaturia katoatia. I tēnei whakaaro, he mea tika kia whakaarohia te whanaungatanga i waenga i te taurite o te taumaha tinana me te pokapū o te taumaha, te hononga cervical rānei (foramen magnum) me ētahi atu āhuatanga rānei.
Ko tētahi atu wāhanga nui me te rerekētanga nui e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te taputapu ngote, e tohuhia ana e te fossae maxillary me te temporal, e whakaahuahia ana e te huinga o ngā kaute PC6, PC7 me PC4. Ko ēnei whakahekenga nui o ngā wāhanga angaanga he tohu nui ake i ngā tāngata Pākehā i tētahi atu rōpū whenua. Kua whakamāramatia tēnei āhuatanga hei hua o te hekenga o te pumau o te āhua o te kanohi nā te whanaketanga wawe o ngā tikanga ahuwhenua me te whakarite kai, i whakaitihia ai te kawenga miihini ki runga i te taputapu ngote me te kore he taputapu ngote kaha9,12,28,66. E ai ki te whakapae mahi ngote, 28 ka haere tahi tēnei me te huringa o te piko o te turanga angaanga ki tētahi koki angaanga koi ake me te tuanui angaanga porowhita ake. Mai i tēnei tirohanga, he rite tonu ngā mata o ngā taupori ahuwhenua ki ngā mata kiato, he iti ake te putanga o te kauae, ā, he porowhita ake ngā meninges. Nō reira, ka taea te whakamārama i tēnei whakarerekētanga e te whakatakotoranga whānui o te āhua taha o te angaanga o ngā Pākehā me ngā whekau ngote kua whakaitihia. Heoi, e ai ki tēnei rangahau, he uaua tēnei whakamāramatanga nā te mea he iti ake te whakaaetia o te hiranga mahi o te whanaungatanga āhua i waenga i te angaanga porowhita me te whanaketanga o te taputapu ngote, e ai ki ngā whakamāramatanga o mua o PC2.
Ko ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā Āhia ki te Rawhiti ki te Raki me ngā Āhia ki te Tonga ki te Tonga e whakaatuhia ana e te rerekētanga i waenga i te mata roa me te wheua pito o te angaanga piko me te mata poto me te turanga angaanga whaiti, e whakaaturia ana i roto i te PC3 me te PC9. Nā te kore o ngā raraunga matawhenua, he iti noa te whakamārama a tā mātou rangahau mō tēnei kitenga. Ko tētahi whakamārama pea ko te urutau ki tētahi āhuarangi rerekē, ki ngā āhuatanga kai rānei. Haunga te urutau taiao, i whakaarohia hoki ngā rerekētanga ā-rohe i roto i te hītori o ngā taupori i te Rawhiti ki te Raki me te Rawhiti ki te Tonga. Hei tauira, i te rawhiti o Ūrāhia, kua whakapaetia he tauira paparanga-rua hei mārama ki te marara o ngā tāngata hou o te tinana (AMH) i runga i ngā raraunga āhuahanga angaanga67,68. E ai ki tēnei tauira, ko te "paparanga tuatahi", arā, ko ngā rōpū taketake o ngā kainoho AMH o te Pleistocene o Mutunga, he uri tika mai i ngā tāngata whenua o te rohe, pērā i ngā Austro-Melanesia o ēnei rā (wh. Paparanga Tuatahi). , ā, i muri mai ka pāngia e te ranunga nui o ngā iwi ahuwhenua o te raki me ngā āhuatanga o te raki-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia (paparanga tuarua) ki te rohe (tata ki te 4,000 tau ki muri). Me mahere te rere o ngā ira mā te whakamahi i tētahi tauira "paparanga-rua" hei mārama ki te āhua o te angaanga o te Tonga-Rawhiti o Āhia, i te mea ko te āhua o te angaanga o te Tonga-Rawhiti o Āhia ka whakawhirinaki pea ki te tukunga iho taumata tuatahi o te rohe.
Mā te aromatawai i te ōritetanga o te angaanga mā te whakamahi i ngā waeine matawhenua kua maheretia mā te whakamahi i ngā tauira ōrite, ka taea e tātou te whakatau i te hītori taupori o te AMF i roto i ngā horopaki i waho o Āwherika. He maha ngā tauira "i waho o Āwherika" kua whakaarohia hei whakamārama i te tohatoha o te AMF i runga i ngā raraunga angaanga me te ira. O ēnei, e kī ana ngā rangahau tata nei i tīmata te noho a te AMH ki ngā rohe i waho o Āwherika i te 177,000 tau ki muri69,70. Heoi, kei te noho pōuri tonu te tohatoha tawhiti o te AMF i Eurasia i tēnei wā, nā te mea ko ngā nohoanga o ēnei kōiwi tawhito he iti noa ki te Middle East me te Mediterranean e tata ana ki Āwherika. Ko te take māmā rawa ko te nohonga kotahi i te ara hekenga mai i Āwherika ki Eurasia, me te karo i ngā arai matawhenua pēnei i te Himalayas. E kī ana tētahi atu tauira i ngā ngaru maha o te hekenga, ko te tuatahi i horapa mai i Āwherika i te takutai moana o Īnia ki Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti me Ahitereiria, kātahi ka horapa ki te raki o Eurasia. Ko te nuinga o ēnei rangahau e whakaū ana i horapa te AMF ki tua atu o Āwherika i te 60,000 tau ki muri. I tēnei whakaaro, ko ngā tauira o Ahitereiria-Melanesia (tae atu ki a Papua) e whakaatu ana i te ōritetanga nui atu ki ngā tauira o Āwherika i tētahi atu raupapa whenua i roto i te tātaritanga wāhanga matua o ngā tauira homology. E tautoko ana tēnei kitenga i te ariā i puta tika mai ngā rōpū tohatoha AMF tuatahi i te taha tonga o Ūrāhia i Āwherika22,68 me te kore he huringa āhua nui hei whakautu ki ngā āhuarangi motuhake, ki ētahi atu āhuatanga nui rānei.
Mō te tipu allometric, ko te tātari mā te whakamahi i ngā wāhanga āhua i ahu mai i tētahi huinga raraunga rerekē i whakatauritea e te rahi pokapū i whakaatu i tētahi ia allometric nui i roto i te PC6 me te PC10. E pā ana ngā wāhanga e rua ki te āhua o te rae me ngā wāhanga o te mata, ka whaiti haere i te pikinga ake o te rahi o te angaanga. Ko ngā Āhia ki te Rawhiti me ngā Amerikana he āhua rite ki tēnei āhuatanga, ā, he nui ake ō rātou angaanga. E whakahē ana tēnei kitenga i ngā tauira allometric kua pūrongohia i mua, arā, he whānui ake ngā roro nui ake i roto i te rohe e kiia nei ko te "Broca's cap", ka hua ake te whānui o te roro o mua34. Ko ēnei rerekētanga ka whakamāramahia e ngā rerekētanga o ngā huinga tauira; I tātarihia e tā mātou rangahau ngā tauira allometric o te rahi angaanga whānui mā te whakamahi i ngā taupori hou, ā, e aro ana ngā rangahau whakatairite ki ngā ia roa o te whanaketanga tangata e pā ana ki te rahi o te roro.
Mō te ine i te āhua o te kanohi, i kitea i roto i tētahi rangahau e whakamahi ana i ngā raraunga koiora78 he paku hononga pea te āhua me te rahi o te kanohi, engari i kitea i roto i tā mātou rangahau he hononga ngā angaanga nui ake ki ngā kanohi roa ake, whaiti ake. Heoi, kāore i te mārama te ōritetanga o ngā raraunga koiora; he rerekē ngā hua o ngā whakamātautau whakamuri e whakataurite ana i te ine ira tangata me te ine ira tangata pumau. Kua pūrongohia hoki he iahanga ine ki te āhua angaanga porowhita nā te pikinga o te teitei; heoi, kāore mātou i tātari i ngā raraunga teitei. E whakaatu ana tā mātou rangahau kāore he raraunga ine ine e whakaatu ana i te hononga i waenga i ngā ōwehenga porowhita o te angaanga me te rahi whānui o te angaanga.
Ahakoa kāore tā mātou rangahau o nāianei e aro ki ngā raraunga mō ngā taurangi o waho e tohuhia ana e te āhuarangi, e ngā āhuatanga kai rānei ka pā pea ki te āhua o te angaanga, ka āwhina te huinga raraunga nui o ngā tauira mata angaanga 3D ōrite e whakamahia ana i roto i tēnei rangahau ki te aromatawai i ngā rerekētanga āhuahanga e pā ana. Ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i te kai, te āhuarangi me ngā āhuatanga kai, tae atu ki ngā kaha kūpapa pēnei i te hekenga, te rere o te ira me te nekenekehanga ira.
I roto i tēnei rangahau, e 342 ngā tauira o ngā angaanga tāne i kohia mai i te 148 taupori i roto i te 9 ngā wāhanga whenua (Ripanga 1). Ko te nuinga o ngā rōpū he tauira whenua taketake, ko ētahi rōpū i Āwherika, i te Rawhiti ki te Raki/Rawhiti ki te Tonga o Āhia me ngā Amerika (kua whakarārangihia ki ngā reta whakarara) kua tautuhia ā-iwi. He maha ngā tauira angaanga i tīpakohia mai i te pātengi raraunga ine angaanga e ai ki te whakamāramatanga ine angaanga a Martin i whakaratohia e Tsunehiko Hanihara. I tīpakohia e mātou ngā angaanga tāne māngai mai i ngā iwi katoa o te ao. Hei tautuhi i ngā mema o ia rōpū, i tatauhia e mātou ngā tawhiti Euclidean i runga i ngā ine angaanga 37 mai i te toharite rōpū mō ngā tāngata katoa nō taua rōpū. I te nuinga o te wā, i tīpakohia e mātou ngā tauira 1–4 me te tawhiti iti rawa mai i te toharite (Ripanga Tāpiri S4). Mō ēnei rōpū, i tīpakohia matapōkeretia ētahi tauira mēnā kāore i whakarārangihia ki te pātengi raraunga ine Hahara.
Hei whakatairite tatauranga, i whakarōpūhia ngā tauira taupori 148 ki ngā wāhanga whenua matua, e whakaaturia ana i te Ripanga 1. Ko te rōpū "Āwherika" he tauira noa iho nō te rohe o te tonga-o-Sahara. I whakaurua ngā tauira mai i Āwherika ki te Raki ki te "Waenganui Rawhiti" me ngā tauira mai i Āhia ki te Hauāuru me ngā āhuatanga rite. Ko te rōpū Āhia ki te Raki-mā-rāwhiti kei roto ko ngā tāngata ehara i te uri Pākehā, ā, ko te rōpū Amerika kei roto ko ngā tāngata whenua o Amerika. Ina koa, kua horapa tēnei rōpū puta noa i te rohe whānui o ngā whenua o Amerika ki te Raki me Amerika ki te Tonga, i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā taiao. Heoi, ka whakaarohia e mātou te tauira US i roto i tēnei wāhanga whenua kotahi, i runga i te hītori taupori o ngā tāngata whenua o Amerika e kiia ana he takenga mai i Āhia ki te Raki-mā-rāwhiti, ahakoa he maha ngā hekenga 80.
I hopukina e mātou ngā raraunga mata 3D o ēnei tauira angaanga rerekē mā te whakamahi i tētahi matawai 3D taumira teitei (EinScan Pro nā Shining 3D Co Ltd, taumira iti rawa: 0.5 mm, https://www.shining3d.com/) kātahi ka hangaia he mata. Kei roto i te tauira mata he 200,000–400,000 pea ngā pito, ā, ka whakamahia te pūmanawa kua whakaurua hei whakakī i ngā kōhao me te whakangawari i ngā taha.
I te taahiraa tuatahi, i whakamahia e mātou ngā raraunga matawai mai i tētahi angaanga hei hanga i tētahi tauira angaanga mata kotahi-tauira, e 4485 ngā tihi (8728 ngā mata porowhita). I tangohia te turanga o te rohe angaanga, arā, te wheua sphenoid, te wheua temporal petrous, te waha, ngā alveoli maxillary, me ngā niho, mai i te tauira mata tauira. Ko te take he kore e oti, he uaua rānei te whakaoti i ēnei hanganga nā ngā wāhanga angiangi, koi rānei pērā i ngā mata pterygoid me ngā tukanga styloid, te pakaru o ngā niho me/ranei te huinga niho kāore i te ōrite. Kāore i tangohia te turanga angaanga huri noa i te foramen magnum, tae atu ki te turanga, nā te mea he wāhi nui tēnei mō te wāhi o ngā hononga kaki, ā, me aromatawai te teitei o te angaanga. Whakamahia ngā mowhiti whakaata hei hanga i tētahi tauira he ōrite ki ngā taha e rua. Whakamahia te mata isotropic hei huri i ngā āhua porowhita kia rite te taha ki te taea.
Muri iho, e 56 ngā tohu whenua i tohaina ki ngā pito e rite ana ki te hanganga tinana o te tauira tauira mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa HBM-Rugle. Mā ngā tautuhinga tohu whenua ka whakarite te tika me te pumau o te tūnga tohu whenua, ā, ka whakarite hoki i te ōritetanga o ēnei wāhi i roto i te tauira ōritetanga i hangaia. Ka taea te tautuhi i a rātou i runga i ō rātou āhuatanga motuhake, e whakaaturia ana i roto i te Ripanga Tāpiri S5 me te Pikitia Tāpiri S3. E ai ki te whakamāramatanga a Bookstein81, ko te nuinga o ēnei tohu whenua he tohu whenua Momo I kei te wāhi e tūtaki ai ngā hanganga e toru, ā, ko ētahi he tohu whenua Momo II me ngā pito piko mōrahi. He maha ngā tohu whenua i whakawhitia mai i ngā pito i tautuhia mō ngā ine angaanga raina i roto i te whakamāramatanga a Martin 36. I tautuhia e mātou ngā tohu whenua 56 kotahi mō ngā tauira matawai o ngā tauira angaanga 342, i tohaina ā-ringa ki ngā pito e rite ana ki te hanganga tinana hei whakaputa i ngā tauira ōritetanga tika ake i te wāhanga e whai ake nei.
I tautuhia he pūnaha taunga upoko-pokapū hei whakaahua i ngā raraunga matawai me te tauira, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia Tāpiri S4. Ko te papa XZ te papa whakapae Frankfurt e tika ana mā te pūwāhi teitei rawa (te whakamāramatanga a Martin: wāhanga) o te taha o runga o ngā awa whakarongo o waho maui me te matau me te pūwāhi iti rawa (te whakamāramatanga a Martin: porowhita) o te taha o raro o te porowhita maui. . Ko te tuaka X te rārangi e hono ana i te taha maui me te taha matau, ā, ko X+ te taha matau. Ka tika te papa YZ mā waenganui o ngā wāhanga maui me te taha matau me te pūtake o te ihu: Y+ ki runga, Z+ ki mua. Ko te pūwāhi tohutoro (takenga: taunga kore) kua whakatakotoria ki te whakawhitinga o te papa YZ (papa waenga), te papa XZ (papa Frankfort) me te papa XY (papa korona).
I whakamahia e mātou te pūmanawa HBM-Rugle (Medic Engineering, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/) hei waihanga i tētahi tauira mata rite mā te mahi i te taunga tauira mā te whakamahi i ngā pūwāhi tohu whenua e 56 (te taha maui o te Pikitia 1). Ko te wāhanga pūmanawa matua, i whakawhanakehia tuatahitia e te Center for Digital Human Research i te Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology i Hapani, e kiia ana ko HBM, ā, he mahi āna mō te taunga tauira mā te whakamahi i ngā tohu whenua me te waihanga tauira mata pai mā te whakamahi i ngā mata wehewehe82. Ko te putanga pūmanawa i muri mai (mHBM) 83 i tāpirihia he āhuatanga mō te taunga tauira me te kore he tohu whenua hei whakapai ake i te mahi taunga. Ka whakakotahi a HBM-Rugle i te pūmanawa mHBM me ētahi atu āhuatanga ngāwari-kaiwhakamahi tae atu ki te whakarite i ngā pūnaha taunga me te whakarerekē i te rahi o ngā raraunga whakauru. Kua whakaūhia te pono o te tika o te taunga pūmanawa i roto i ngā rangahau maha52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
I te whakaurunga o tētahi tauira HBM-Rugle mā te whakamahi i ngā tohu whenua, ka tāpirihia te tauira mata o te tauira ki ngā raraunga matawai ūnga mā te rēhita pakari i runga i te hangarau ICP (mā te whakaiti i te tapeke o ngā tawhiti i waenga i ngā tohu whenua e rite ana ki te tauira me ngā raraunga matawai ūnga), kātahi ka urutau te tauira ki ngā raraunga matawai ūnga mā te whakarerekētanga kore-pakari o te mata. E toru ngā wā i whakahokia ai tēnei tukanga whakaurunga mā te whakamahi i ngā uara rerekē o ngā tawhā whakaurunga e rua hei whakapai ake i te tika o te whakaurunga. Ko tētahi o ēnei tawhā ka whakawhāiti i te tawhiti i waenga i te tauira matawai tauira me ngā raraunga matawai ūnga, ā, ko tētahi ka whiu i te tawhiti i waenga i ngā tohu whenua tauira me ngā tohu whenua ūnga. Kātahi ka wehewehea te tauira matawai tauira kua whakarerekētia mā te whakamahi i te raupapatanga wehewehe mata hurihuri 82 hei hanga i tētahi tauira matawai kua pai ake te hanga, he 17,709 ngā pito (34,928 ngā polygon). Hei whakamutunga, ka whakauruhia te tauira matawai tauira kua wehea ki ngā raraunga matawai ūnga hei whakaputa i tētahi tauira ōrite. Nā te mea he rerekē ngā wāhi tohu whenua i ērā i roto i ngā raraunga matawai ūnga, i whakatikatikahia te tauira ōrite kia whakaahuahia ai mā te whakamahi i te pūnaha taunga aronga upoko i whakaahuatia i te wāhanga o mua. Ko te tawhiti toharite i waenga i ngā tohu tauira ōrite me ngā raraunga matawai ūnga i roto i ngā tauira katoa he <0.01 mm. I tatauhia mā te whakamahi i te mahi HBM-Rugle, ko te tawhiti toharite i waenga i ngā tohu raraunga tauira ōrite me ngā raraunga matawai ūnga he 0.322 mm (Ripanga Tāpiri S2).
Hei whakamārama i ngā panonitanga o te āhua o te angaanga, i tātarihia ngā pito 17,709 (53,127 ngā taunga XYZ) o ngā tauira ōrite katoa mā te tātaritanga wāhanga matua (PCA) mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa HBS i hangaia e te Center for Digital Human Science i te Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology., Hapani (kaihoko tohatoha: Medic Engineering, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/). Kātahi ka ngana mātou ki te whakamahi i te PCA ki te huinga raraunga kāore i te whakatauritea, ā, i whakatauritea te huinga raraunga e te rahi o te pokapū. Nō reira, ka taea e te PCA i runga i ngā raraunga kāore i te whakatauritea te whakaahua mārama ake i te āhua o te angaanga o ngā waeine whenua e iwa, ā, ka āwhina i te whakamaoritanga wāhanga i te PCA mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga paerewa.
E whakaatu ana tēnei tuhinga i te maha o ngā wāhanga matua kua kitea me te takoha neke atu i te 1% o te rerekētanga katoa. Hei whakatau i ngā wāhanga matua e tino whai hua ana ki te wehewehe i ngā rōpū puta noa i ngā waeine matawhenua nui, i whakamahia te tātari āhuatanga whakahaere kaiwhiwhi (ROC) ki ngā kaute wāhanga matua (PC) me te takoha nui atu i te 2% 84. Ka whakaputahia e tēnei tātari he kōpiko tūponotanga mō ia wāhanga PCA hei whakapai ake i te mahi whakarōpūtanga me te whakataurite tika i ngā kauwhata i waenga i ngā rōpū matawhenua. Ka taea te aromatawai i te taumata o te mana wehewehe mā te rohe i raro i te kōpiko (AUC), kei reira ngā wāhanga PCA he nui ake ngā uara ka pai ake te wehewehe i waenga i ngā rōpū. Kātahi ka whakahaerehia he whakamātautau chi-square hei aromatawai i te taumata hiranga. I whakahaerehia te tātari ROC i roto i te Microsoft Excel mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa Bell Curve for Excel (putanga 3.21).
Hei whakaatu i ngā rerekētanga ā-whenua o te āhua o te angaanga, i hangaia ngā kauwhata marara mā te whakamahi i ngā kaute PC i tino whai hua ki te wehewehe i ngā rōpū mai i ngā waeine whenua matua. Hei whakamārama i ngā wāhanga matua, whakamahia he mahere tae hei whakaatu i ngā pito tauira e tino hono ana ki ngā wāhanga matua. Hei tāpiri, i tatauhia ngā whakaaturanga mariko o ngā pito o ngā tuaka wāhanga matua kei te ±3 ngā paerewa rerekētanga (SD) o ngā kaute wāhanga matua, ā, i whakaaturia ki te ataata tāpiri.
I whakamahia te allometry hei whakatau i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te āhua o te angaanga me ngā āhuatanga rahi i aromatawaitia i roto i te tātaritanga PCA. He tika te tātaritanga mō ngā wāhanga matua me ngā takoha >1%. Ko tētahi herenga o tēnei PCA ko te kore e taea e ngā wāhanga āhua te tohu takitahi i te āhua nā te mea kāore te huinga raraunga kāore i te whakatauritea e tango i ngā āhuatanga ahu katoa. Haunga te whakamahi i ngā huinga raraunga kāore i te whakatauritea, i tātarihia hoki e mātou ngā au allometric mā te whakamahi i ngā huinga hautanga PC i runga i ngā raraunga rahi pokapū whakatauritea i whakamahia ki ngā wāhanga matua me ngā takoha >1%.
I whakamātauria ngā au inenga mā te whakamahi i te whārite Y = aXb 85, ko Y te āhua, te ōwehenga rānei o tētahi wāhanga āhua, ko X te rahi pokapū (Ripanga Tāpiri S2), he uara pumau a, ā, ko b te tauwehenga inenga. Ko tēnei tikanga e whakauru ana i ngā rangahau tipu inenga ki roto i te morphometry āhuahanga78,86. Ko te panonitanga logarithm o tēnei tātai ko: log Y = b × log X + log a. I whakamahia te tātaritanga whakamuri mā te whakamahi i te tikanga tapawhā iti rawa hei tatau i a me b. Ina panonitia a Y (rahi pokapū) me X (ngā kaute PC) mā te inenga logarithm, me pai ēnei uara; heoi, kei roto i te huinga whakatau tata mō X ngā uara kino. Hei otinga, i tāpirihia e mātou te whakaawhiwhi ki te uara tino o te hautanga iti rawa me te 1 mō ia hautanga i roto i ia wāhanga, ā, i whakamahia he panonitanga logarithm ki ngā hautanga pai katoa kua hurihia. I aromatawaihia te hiranga o ngā tauwehenga inenga mā te whakamahi i te whakamātautau-t a te Tauira e rua-waewae. I mahia ēnei tātaitanga tatauranga hei whakamātautau i te tipu inenga mā te whakamahi i ngā Bell Curves i roto i te pūmanawa Excel (putanga 3.21).
Wolpoff, MH Ngā pānga āhuarangi ki ngā pongaponga o te angaanga. Āe. J. Phys. Humanity. 29, 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330290315 (1968).
Beals, KL Te āhua o te upoko me te ahotea o te āhuarangi. Ae. J. Phys. Humanity. 37, 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330370111 (1972).
Wā tuku: Paenga-whāwhā-02-2024