Ngā mihi nui ki a koe mō tō toro mai ki Nature.com. He iti noa te tautoko CSS mō te putanga o te pūtirotiro e whakamahia ana e koe. Mō ngā hua pai rawa atu, ka tūtohu mātou kia whakamahia e koe tētahi putanga hou ake o tō pūtirotiro (kāore rānei e mono i te Aratau Hototahi i roto i te Internet Explorer). I tēnei wā, hei whakarite i te tautoko tonu, kei te whakaatu mātou i te pae me te kore he momo kāhua, he JavaScript rānei.
KupumatuaKo te whakatakotoranga akomanga hurihuri (FC) me arotake e ngā ākonga ngā kaupapa ariā mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi i whakaratohia i mua i te whakaakoranga kanohi ki te kanohi. Ko te whāinga, nā te mea kua mōhio ngā ākonga ki ngā rauemi, ka nui ake ā rātou hua i roto i ā rātou taunekeneke ki te kaiako. Kua whakaatuhia e tēnei whakatakotoranga ka whakanui ake i te pai o ngā ākonga, te whakatutukitanga mātauranga, me te whanaketanga hinengaro, me te arahi hoki ki te whakatutukitanga mātauranga teitei ake.
Ngā Tikanga. E whakaahua ana te tuhinga i te whakawhiti o tētahi akoranga tono niho me ngā rauemi koiora i tētahi kura niho o te UK mai i tētahi huarahi kauhau tuku iho ki tētahi hōputu FC ranu i te tau mātauranga 2019/2020, ā, e whakataurite ana i ngā urupare a ngā ākonga i mua atu me muri i te whakawhiti.
He tino pai ngā urupare ōkawa, ōkawa hoki i tukuna mai e ngā ākonga whai muri i ngā huringa.
He tino whaihua te whakamahi i te FC hei taputapu mā ngā tāne i roto i ngā kaupapa haumanu, engari me nui ake ngā rangahau tauanga, inā koa hei ine i ngā whakatutukitanga mātauranga.
Kua whakamahia katoatia e tētahi kura niho i te UK te tikanga flipped classroom (FC) mō te whakaako i ngā rauemi niho me ngā rauemi koiora.
Ka taea te whakarerekē i te huarahi FC ki ngā akoranga kore-tukutahi me ngā akoranga tukutahi hei whakauru i ngā tikanga whakaako ako whakaranu, he mea tino nui tēnei nā te mate urutā COVID-19.
I ngā tau tata nei, nā te whanaketanga o te hangarau, he maha ngā tikanga whakaako hou, whakamere, auaha hoki kua whakaahuatia, kua whakamatautauria hoki. Ko te tikanga hou a ngā tāne e kiia ana ko te "flipped classroom" (FC). Me arotake e ngā ākonga ngā āhuatanga ariā o te akoranga mā roto i ngā rauemi kua whakaratohia (ko te tikanga he kauhau kua oti te tuhi) i mua i te whakaako kanohi ki te kanohi, me te whāinga kia nui ake te mōhiotanga o ngā ākonga i te wā e mōhio ana rātou ki te kaupapa, kia nui ake ai te mōhiotanga mai i te whakapā atu ki te kaiako. Kua whakaatuhia tēnei whakatakotoranga hei whakapai ake i te pai o ngā ākonga1, te whakatutukitanga mātauranga, me te whanaketanga hinengaro2,3, tae atu ki te whakatutukitanga mātauranga teitei ake. 4,5 Ko te whakamahinga o tēnei huarahi whakaako hou e tumanakohia ana ka whakapai ake i te pai o ngā ākonga ki te kaupapa Applied Dental Materials and Biomaterials (ADM&B) i roto i ngā kura niho o te UK. Ko te kaupapa o tēnei rangahau he aromatawai i te pai o ngā ākonga ki tētahi akoranga i mua atu, ā, i muri mai i tētahi huringa o te whakaako ariā e inehia ana e te Student Course Evaluation Form (SCEF).
Ko te tikanga, ka whakamahia e te huarahi FC te hangarau rorohiko, nō reira ka tangohia ngā kauhau mai i te kaupapa ako, ka tukuna ki te ipurangi i mua i te tīmatanga o te whakamahi a ngā kaiako i ngā ariā. 6 Mai i tōna tīmatanga i ngā kura tuarua o Amerika, kua horapa te huarahi FC i roto i te mātauranga teitei. 6 Kua whakamātauhia te angitu o te huarahi FC i roto i ngā momo mara hauora 1,7 ā, kei te puta ake ngā taunakitanga mō tōna whakamahinga me tōna angitu i roto i te mahi niho. 3,4,8,9 Ahakoa he maha ngā hua pai kua pūrongohia mō te pai o ngā ākonga, 1,9 kei reira ngā taunakitanga tōmua e hono ana ki te whakapai ake i te mahi mātauranga. 4,10,11 I kitea i roto i tētahi tātaritanga-maha tata nei o te FC i roto i ētahi kaupapa hauora he nui ngā whakapainga i puta mai i te FC i roto i te ako a ngā ākonga ki te whakataurite ki ngā huarahi tuku iho, 12 i te mea i kitea anō hoki e ētahi atu rangahau i roto i ngā kaupapa niho he pai ake te tautoko i te mahi mātauranga a ngā ākonga rawakore. 13.14
He wero kei roto i te whakaakoranga niho e pā ana ki ngā momo ako e whā kua mōhiotia i whakaahuatia e Honey rāua ko Mumford15 i ahu mai i te mahi a Kolb.16 E whakaatu ana te Ripanga 1 me pēhea te whakaako i tētahi akoranga mā te whakamahi i tētahi huarahi FC ranu hei whakauru i ēnei momo ako katoa.15
Hei tāpiritanga, i whakaarohia kia whakatairangahia e tēnei momo akoranga kua whakarerekētia te whakaaro taumata teitei ake. Mā te whakamahi i te Bloom's Taxonomy 17 hei anga, kua hangaia ngā kauhau ipurangi hei tuku mātauranga, ā, kua hangaia ngā akoranga hei tūhura me te whakawhanake i te māramatanga i mua i te neke atu o ngā mahi ā-ringa ki te tono me te tātari. Ko te Kolb Learning Cycle 18 he ariā ako wheako kua whakapumautia e tika ana mō te whakamahi i roto i te whakaako niho, inā koa he kaupapa mahi. Ko te ariā e ahu mai ana i te whakaaro ka ako ngā ākonga mā te mahi. I tēnei wā, ko te wheako ā-ringa ki te whakaranu me te whakahaere i ngā hua niho ka whakarei ake i te wheako whakaako, ka hohonu ake te māramatanga o ngā ākonga, ā, ka whānui ake te tono o te kaupapa. Ka whakaratohia ki ngā ākonga ngā pukapuka mahi kei roto ngā huānga ā-ringa hei tautoko i te ako wheako, e whakaaturia ana i roto i te Kolb Cycle 18 (Pikitia 1). Hei tāpiritanga, kua tāpirihia ngā awheawhe tauwhitiwhiti mō te ako raruraru ki te kaupapa. I tāpirihia ēnei hei whakatutuki i te ako hohonu ake, hei whakatenatena hoki i ngā ākonga kia noho hei ākonga motuhake. 19
Hei tāpiritanga, e tūmanakohia ana ka honoa e tēnei huarahi FC ranu te āputa i waenga i ngā momo whakaako me ngā momo ako. 20 Ko ngā ākonga o ēnei rā te mea pea ko te Reanga Y. He reanga mahi tahi tēnei, he pai ki te hangarau, he aro ki ngā whakatakotoranga ako whakangungu, ā, he pai ake ki ngā rangahau take me ngā urupare tonu, 21 kei roto katoa ēnei i te huarahi FC ranu. 11
I whakapā atu mātou ki te Komiti Arotake Matatika o te kura hauora kia mōhio ai mēnā e hiahiatia ana he arotake matatika. I whiwhi whakaū tuhituhi he rangahau aromatawai ratonga tēnei, nō reira kāore i hiahiatia he whakaaetanga matatika.
Hei whakahaere i te whakawhiti ki te huarahi FC, i roto i tēnei horopaki i whakaarohia he tika kia whakahaerehia he whakahoutanga nui o te marautanga ADM&B katoa. Ko te akoranga kua whakaarohia ka tuhia tuatahitia, ka tuhia rānei ki te papa kōrero 22 e te kaiārahi kaupapa mātauranga e whai kawenga ana mō te akoranga, ka wehea kia rite ki ngā kaupapa kua tautuhia e tana kaupapa. Ko ngā kauhau poto, e kiia nei ko ngā "kauhau," i tangohia mai i ngā rauemi kauhau mātauranga kua wātea i mua i tuhia me te rongoa hei whakaaturanga PowerPoint (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) e pā ana ki ia kaupapa. He poto noa iho, e māmā ake ai te aro o ngā ākonga, ā, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te ngaro o te hiahia. Ka taea hoki e koe te waihanga akoranga modular mō te whānui o te whakamahinga, nā te mea he maha ngā wāhanga e kapi ana i ētahi kaupapa. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia ngā rauemi tā niho noa hei hanga niho rūpahu tango me ngā whakahoutanga kua mau, e kapi ana i roto i ngā akoranga motuhake e rua. Ko ia kauhau e kapi ana i ngā rauemi kauhau tuku iho i tuhia hei podcast mā te whakamahi i te hopu ataata nā te mea i kitea he pai ake tēnei mō te pupuri mātauranga mā te whakamahi i te Panopto i Seattle, USA23. Kei te wātea ēnei podcast i runga i te Taiao Ako Mariko (VLE) o te whare wānanga. Ka puta te akoranga ki te maramataka a te ākonga, ā, ka whakaatuhia te whakaaturanga i roto i te whakatakotoranga Microsoft Inc. PowerPoint me te hononga ki te podcast. Ka akiakihia ngā ākonga ki te mātaki i ngā podcast o ngā whakaaturanga kauhau, kia taea ai e rātou te tuku kōrero ki ngā tuhipoka, te tuhi rānei i ngā pātai e puta ake ana ki te hinengaro i taua wā. Whai muri i te tukunga o ngā kiriata kauhau me ngā podcast, ka whakaritea he akomanga me ngā mahi ā-ringa anō e hiahiatia ana. Ka tohutohu ā-waha ngā ākonga e te kaiwhakahaere akoranga me arotake e rātou ngā kauhau i mua i te haere ki ngā akoranga me ngā mahi whakaharatau kia whiwhi ai i te hua pai me te whai wāhi atu ki te akoranga, ā, kua tuhia tēnei ki roto i te pukapuka akoranga.
Ka whakakapia e ēnei akoranga ngā kauhau wā-tūturu o mua, ā, ka tukuna i mua i ngā wā mahi. Nā ngā kaiako i āwhina te whakaako mā te whakarerekē i te whakaako kia rite ki ō rātou hiahia ako. Ka whakaratohia hoki he whai wāhitanga ki te whakamārama i ngā kaupapa matua, te whakamātautau i te mōhiotanga me te māramatanga, te whakahohe i ngā kōrero a ngā ākonga, me te whakahaere i ngā pātai. Kua whakaatuhia tēnei momo taunekeneke a ngā hoa ki te whakatairanga i te māramatanga ariā hohonu ake.11 I kitea e Gali et al 24, he rerekē ki te whakaakoranga tuku iho i runga i ngā kauhau mō ngā ihirangi niho, i āwhina ngā kōrerorero e ahu mai ana i ngā akoranga i ngā ākonga ki te hono i te ako ki te tono haumanu. I kōrero anō hoki ngā ākonga he nui ake te hihiri me te whakamere o te whakaako. I ētahi wā ka uru atu ki ngā aratohu ako ngā pātaitai mā OMBEA Response (OMBEA Ltd., Rānana, UK). Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau he pānga pai te pānga whakamātautau o ngā pātaitai ki ngā putanga ako me te aromatawai i te māramatanga o ngā rauemi ariā i tukuna i mua i te whakangungu kanohi ki te kanohi25. 26
Pērā i ngā wā katoa, i te mutunga o ia wāhanga ako, ka tonoa ngā ākonga ki te tuku urupare ōkawa mā roto i ngā pūrongo SCEF. Whakatauritea ngā urupare ōkawa me ngā urupare kore ōkawa i whiwhihia i mua i te whakarerekētanga o te whakatakotoranga kaupapa.
Nā te iti o ngā ākonga i ia akoranga i te Wāhanga Niho i Te Whare Wānanga o Aberdeen, me te iti hoki o ngā kaimahi e whai wāhi ana ki te whakahaere i ngā akoranga ADM&B, kāore e taea te whakahua tika i ngā kōrero a ngā ākonga. Kua whakaurua tēnei tuhinga hei tiaki me te tiaki i te noho muna.
Heoi, i kitea ko ngā kōrero a ngā ākonga mō te SCEF e whā ngā wāhanga matua, arā: te tikanga whakaako, te wā whakaako me te wātea o ngā mōhiohio me ngā ihirangi.
Mō ngā tikanga whakaako, i mua i te panonitanga he nui ake ngā ākonga kāore i te harikoa i ngā ākonga i makona. Whai muri i te panonitanga, kua whakawhā te maha o ngā ākonga i kī he nui ake ō rātou harikoa i ngā ākonga kāore i te harikoa. Ko ngā kōrero katoa mō te roa o te wā ako me ngā rauemi i ahu mai i te kore harikoa ki te kore harikoa. I pērā anō te ahua o ngā urupare a ngā ākonga ki te wātea o ngā rauemi. Kāore i tino rerekē te ihirangi o ngā rauemi, ā, i makona tonu ngā ākonga ki ngā mōhiohio i whakaratohia, engari i te mea kua rerekē, kua piki haere te maha o ngā ākonga i whakautu pai ki ngā ihirangi.
Whai muri i te panonitanga ki te tikanga ako whakakotahi FC, he nui ake ngā urupare i tukuna e ngā ākonga mā te puka SCEF i tērā i mua i te panonitanga.
Kāore i whakaurua ngā aromatawai tau ki te pūrongo SCEF taketake engari i whakaurua i te tau mātauranga 2019/20 hei ngana ki te ine i te whakaae me te whai huatanga o te akoranga. I aromatawaihia te pai o te akoranga me te whai huatanga o te whakatakotoranga ako i runga i te tauine e whā: tino whakaae (SA), whakaae whānuitia (GA), whakahē whānuitia (GD), me te whakahē tino kore (SD). E kitea ana i ngā Pikitia 2 me te 3, i kitea e ngā ākonga katoa he mea whakamere, he whai hua hoki te akoranga, ā, kotahi anake te ākonga BDS3 kāore i kitea he whai hua te whakatakotoranga ako whānui.
He uaua te kimi taunakitanga hei tautoko i ngā panonitanga o te hoahoa akoranga nā te whānuitanga o ngā ihirangi me ngā momo, nō reira me whai whakaaro ngaio.2 Heoi, o ngā maimoatanga katoa e wātea ana mō ngā tāne me ngā taunakitanga hou mō te whai huatanga o te FC i roto i te mātauranga hauora, ko tēnei huarahi te mea tino tika mō te akoranga e pā ana, ahakoa i makona ngā ākonga o mua i runga i te hiranga me te ihirangi. he tino tiketike, engari he tino iti te whakaako.
I inehia te angitu o te whakatakotoranga FC hou mā te urupare ōkawa me te kore ōkawa a ngā ākonga, me te whakataurite ki ngā kōrero i riro mai i te whakatakotoranga o mua. E ai ki te whakaaro, i kī ngā ākonga i pai rātou ki te whakatakotoranga FC nā te mea ka taea e rātou te uru atu ki ngā rauemi ipurangi i ngā wā e hiahiatia ana, i tō rātou ake wā, me te whakamahi i aua mea i tō rātou ake tere. He tino whai hua tēnei mō ngā whakaaro me ngā ariā uaua ake e hiahia ana ngā ākonga ki te whakahoki anō i te wāhanga kia mārama rā anō rātou. Ko te nuinga o ngā ākonga i tino whai wāhi ki te tukanga, ā, ko te hunga i whai wāhi, e ai ki te whakamāramatanga, he nui ake te wā ki te whakarite mō te akoranga. E whakaū ana te tuhinga a Chega i tēnei.7 Hei tāpiri, i whakaatuhia e ngā hua he mea nui ki ngā ākonga te kounga teitei o te taunekeneke ki te kaiako me te ako, ā, ko ngā akoranga i mua i te mahi i whakaritea ki ō rātou hiahia ako. E ai ki te whakaaro, ko te whakakotahitanga o ngā akoranga me ngā āhuatanga mahi-ā-ringa i whakanui ake i te whai wāhi, te ngahau, me te taunekeneke a ngā ākonga.
He hou tonu ngā kura mō ngā ākonga niho i Aberdeen, ā, he hou tonu. I taua wā, he maha ngā tukanga i hangaia kia whakatinanahia tonutia, engari i whakarerekētia, i whakapaitia hoki i te whakamahinga kia pai ake ai te kaupapa. Koinei te āhua o ngā taputapu urupare akoranga ōkawa. I tono te puka SCEF taketake kia tukuna he urupare mō te akoranga katoa, kātahi ka whakatikatikaina i roto i te wā kia uru atu ai ngā pātai mō te hauora niho me te mate (he kupu whānui mō tēnei kaupapa), ā, i te mutunga ka tonohia he urupare mō te ADM&B. I tono anō te pūrongo tuatahi kia tukuna he kōrero whānui, engari i te haere tonu o te pūrongo, i pātaihia he pātai motuhake ake mō ngā kaha, ngā ngoikoretanga, me ngā tikanga whakaako auaha i whakamahia i roto i te akoranga. Kua whakaurua ngā urupare e tika ana mō te whakatinanatanga o te huarahi FC ranu ki roto i ētahi atu kaupapa. I kohia tēnei, ā, i whakaurua ki ngā hua. Engari, mō ngā kaupapa o tēnei rangahau, kāore i kohia ngā raraunga tau i te tīmatanga nā te mea kua arahi tēnei ki te ine whai tikanga o ngā whakapainga, o ētahi atu huringa rānei o te pānga i roto i te akoranga.
Pērā i ngā whare wānanga maha, kāore ngā kauhau i Te Whare Wānanga o Aberdeen e kiia he mea whakahau, ahakoa i roto i ngā kaupapa e whakahaerehia ana e ngā rōpū o waho pērā i te General Dental Council, he herenga ture me te ture kei a rātou ki te tirotiro i te mātauranga niho i te UK. E hiahiatia ana ngā akoranga katoa, nō reira mā te whakarerekē i te whakaahuatanga akoranga ki te aratohu ako, ka akiakihia ngā ākonga ki te tango; mā te whakanui ake i te haere mai ka nui ake te whai wāhi, te whai wāhi me te ako.
Kua pūrongohia i roto i ngā tuhinga he uauatanga pea kei roto i te whakatakotoranga FC. Ko te whakatakotoranga FC e whai wāhi ana ki te whakarite a ngā ākonga i mua i te akomanga, i roto i ō rātou ake wā. Zhuang et al. I kitea kāore te huarahi FC e pai mō ngā ākonga katoa nā te mea e hiahiatia ana he taumata whakapono me te hihiri nui hei whakaoti i te whakarite. 27 E tika ana kia tino hihiri ngā ākonga o ngā umanga hauora, engari i kitea e Patanwala et al 28 kāore i pērā te āhua nā te mea kāore i taea e ētahi ākonga rongoā whakaora te arotake i ngā rauemi kua tuhia i mua, nō reira kāore i rite ki ngā pukapuka ako. . Heoi, i kitea e tēnei akoranga ko te nuinga o ngā ākonga i whai wāhi, i rite, ā, i tae atu ki te akoranga kanohi ki te kanohi me te māramatanga pai ki te akoranga. E kī ana ngā kaituhi he hua tēnei o te tohutohu mārama a ngā ākonga e te whakahaere akoranga me te VLE ki te mātakitaki i ngā podcast me ngā kiriata kauhau, me te tohutohu i a rātou kia tirohia tēnei hei whakaritenga mō ngā mahi akoranga e hiahiatia ana. He taunekeneke, he whakahihiri hoki ngā akoranga me ngā mahi ā-ringa, ā, e tumanako ana ngā kaiako ki te whai wāhi a ngā ākonga. Ka tere te mōhio o ngā ākonga he mārama te kore o tā rātou whakarite. Heoi, ka raru pea tēnei mēnā ka whakaakona ngā akoranga katoa i tēnei ara, nā te mea ka taumaha rawa pea ngā ākonga, ā, kāore e ranea te wā tiaki hei arotake i ngā rauemi kauhau katoa. Me whakauru tēnei rauemi whakarite kore-tukutahi ki roto i te maramataka a te ākonga.
Hei whakawhanake me te whakatinana i ngā ariā FC i roto i te whakaakoranga o ngā kaupapa mātauranga, he maha ngā wero me wikitoria. He mārama, he nui te wā whakarite e hiahiatia ana mō te hopu i tētahi podcast. Hei tāpiri, he nui te wā e hiahiatia ana mō te ako i te pūmanawa me te whakawhanake i ngā pūkenga whakatika.
Mā ngā akomanga hurihuri ka whakatauhia te raruraru o te whakanui ake i te wā whakapā mō ngā kaiako he iti te wā, ā, ka taea hoki te tūhura i ngā tikanga whakaako hou. Ka kaha ake te hihiri o ngā taunekeneke, ka pai ake te taiao ako mō ngā kaimahi me ngā ākonga, ā, ka huri i te tirohanga whānui he kaupapa "maroke" ngā rauemi niho. Kua whakamahia e ngā kaimahi o te Whare Wānanga o Aberdeen Dental Institute te huarahi FC i roto i ngā take takitahi me ngā taumata angitu rerekē, engari kāore anō kia whakamahia ki te whakaako puta noa i te marautanga.
Pērā i ngā tikanga whakahaere wānanga kē atu, ka puta ake ngā raruraru mēnā kāore te kaiārahi matua i ngā hui kanohi ki te kanohi, ā, kāore e taea e ia te whakaako i ngā wānanga, nā te mea he mahi nui tā ngā kaiārahi i roto i te angitu o te huarahi FC. Me teitei te mōhiotanga o te Kaiwhakahaere Mātauranga kia taea ai e te kōrero te anga whakamua ki tētahi huarahi, kia hohonu hoki, kia kitea ai hoki e ngā ākonga te uara o te whakarite me te whai wāhi. Ko ngā ākonga te kawenga mō ā rātou ake akoranga, engari me āhei ngā kaitohutohu ki te whakautu me te urutau.
Kua whakaritea ngā rauemi whakaako ōkawa i mua i te wā, arā, kua rite ngā akoranga ki te whakaako i ngā wā katoa. I te wā e tuhia ana tēnei tuhinga, i te wā o te mate urutā COVID-19, mā tēnei huarahi ka taea te tuku akoranga tuihono, ā, ka māmā ake te mahi a ngā kaimahi mai i te kāinga, nā te mea kua whakatūria kētia te anga whakaako. Nō reira, i whakaaro ngā ākonga kāore i aukatia te ako ariā i te mea i whakaratohia ngā akoranga tuihono hei huarahi kē atu i ngā akomanga kanohi ki te kanohi. Hei tāpiri, kei te wātea ēnei rauemi hei whakamahi mā ngā rōpū o muri mai. Me whakahou tonu ngā rauemi i ia wā, i ia wā, engari ka penapenahia te wā o te kaiako, ka hua ake he penapena utu whānui e taurite ana ki te utu tuatahi o te wā e haumihia ana.
Nā te whakawhiti mai i ngā akoranga kauhau tuku iho ki te whakaakoranga FC i hua ake ai he urupare pai tonu mai i ngā ākonga, i ngā akoranga ōkawa me ngā akoranga ōkawa. He rite tonu tēnei ki ētahi atu hua kua whakaputaina i mua. Me whai rangahau anō kia kitea ai mēnā ka taea te whakapai ake i te aromatawai whakamutunga mā te whakamahi i te huarahi FC.
Morgan H, McLean K, Chapman S, et al. Te akomanga hurihuri mō ngā ākonga hauora. Te Whakaakoranga Hauora 2015;12:155.
Swanwick T. Te Mārama ki te Mātauranga Hauora: Ngā Taunakitanga, Ngā Ariā me Ngā Mahi. Putanga Tuarua. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.
Kohli S., Sukumar AK, Zhen KT me ētahi atu. Mātauranga niho: kauhau, he akoranga whakawhiti me te ako mokowā. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2019; 16: 289-297.
Kutishat AS, Abusamak MO, Maraga TN Te pānga o te ako whakaranu ki te whai huatanga o te mātauranga haumanu me te makona o ngā ākonga niho. Journal of Dental Education 2020;84:135-142.
Hafferty FW Kei tua atu i te whakahoutanga o te marautanga: Te tū atu ki te marautanga hauora huna. Acad Med Sci 1998;73:403-407.
Jensen JL, Kummer TA, Godoy PD. d M. Tērā pea he hua noa iho o te ako hohe ngā whakapainga i roto i ngā akomanga hurihuri. CBE Life Sciences Education, 2015. DOI: 10.1187/cbe.14-08-0129.
Cheng X, Ka Ho Lee K, Chang EI, Yang X. Tikanga akomanga hurihuri: whakaohooho i ngā waiaro ako pai i waenga i ngā ākonga hauora, ā, whakapai ake i ō rātou mōhiotanga ki te histology. Analytic Sci Educ 2017;10:317-327.
Crothers A, Bagg J, McCurley R. Te akomanga hurihuri mō te whakaako i ngā pūkenga niho ā-mua – he arotake whakaaroaro. Br Dent J 2017; 222: 709-713.
Lee S, Kim S. Te whai huatanga o te akomanga hurihuri i roto i te whakaako i te tautuhi niho me te whakamahere maimoatanga. Journal of Dental Education 2018;82:614-620.
Zhu L, Lian Z, Engström M. Te whakamahi i te akomanga hurihuri i roto i ngā akoranga ophthalmology mō ngā ākonga hauora, nēhi, me ngā ākonga niho: he rangahau tikanga whakauru āhua-whakamātautau. Nurse Education Today 2020;85:104262.
Gillispie W. Te whakamahi i te akomanga hurihuri hei whakakī i te āputa me te Reanga Y. Ochsner J. 2016; 16:32-36.
Hugh KF, Law SK. Ka whakapai ake te akomanga hurihuri i te ako a ngā ākonga i roto i ngā mahi hauora: he tātaritanga-maha. BMC Med Educ 2018;18:38.
Sergis S, Sampson DG, Pellichione L. Te tirotiro i te pānga o ngā akomanga hurihuri ki ngā wheako ako a ngā ākonga: He huarahi ariā whakatau-whaiaro. Whanoke Tangata Rorohiko 2018;78:368-378.
Alcota M, Munoz A, Gonzalez FE. Ngā tikanga whakaako kanorau me te mahi tahi: He wawaotanga whakaako whakaora mō ngā ākonga niho iti te kaute i Chile. Journal of Dental Education 2011;75:1390-1395.
Leaver B., Erman M., Shekhtman B. Ngā momo ako me ngā rautaki ako. Te angitu i roto i te ako reo tuarua. Whārangi 65–91. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Kolb DA Ako whakamātautau: Ko te wheako he puna ako me te whanaketanga. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1984.
Dictionary.com. Kei te wātea mai i: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Generation (i tirohia i te marama o Ākuhata 2015).
Moreno-Walton L., Brunette P., Akhtar S., DeBleu PM Te whakaako i ngā wehenga whakatupuranga: te whakaae a te Hui Pūtaiao o te Komiti Rongoā Ohotata 2009. Akkad Emerg Med 2009;16:19-24.
Salmon J, Gregory J, Lokuge Dona K, Ross B. Te whanaketanga whakamātautau ipurangi mā ngā kaiwhakaako: te take o te MOOC carpe diem. Br J Educational Technol 2015; 46: 542-556.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi-04-2024