Kei te piki haere te hiahia mō te ako e aro ana ki ngā ākonga (SCL) i roto i ngā whare wānanga teitei, tae atu ki te mahi niho. Heoi, he iti noa te whakamahinga o te SCL i roto i te mātauranga niho. Nō reira, ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he whakatairanga i te whakamahinga o te SCL i roto i te mahi niho mā te whakamahi i te hangarau ako mīhini rākau whakatau (ML) hei mahere i te momo ako e pai ana (LS) me ngā rautaki ako e rite ana (IS) o ngā ākonga niho hei taputapu whai hua mō te whakawhanake i ngā aratohu IS. He tikanga whai hua mō ngā ākonga niho.
E 255 ngā ākonga niho katoa o Te Whare Wānanga o Malaya i whakaoti i te pātai Tāurangi Ako Kāhua kua Whakarerekētia (m-ILS), i roto i taua pātai e 44 ngā tūemi hei whakarōpū i a rātou ki roto i ā rātou LS. Ko ngā raraunga kua kohia (e kiia nei ko te huinga raraunga) ka whakamahia i roto i te ako rākau whakatau e tirotirohia ana hei whakataurite aunoa i ngā momo ako a ngā ākonga ki te IS tino tika. Kātahi ka aromatawaihia te tika o te taputapu taunakitanga IS e ahu mai ana i te ako mīhini.
Mā te whakamahinga o ngā tauira rākau whakatau i roto i tētahi tukanga mahere aunoa i waenga i te LS (whakauru) me te IS (putanga whainga) ka taea te hanga i tētahi rārangi tonu o ngā rautaki ako e tika ana mō ia tauira niho. I whakaatuhia e te taputapu taunakitanga IS te tika tino pai me te maumahara i te tika whānui o te tauira, e tohu ana he pai te aro me te motuhake o te taurite i te LS ki te IS.
Kua whakamātauhia e te taputapu taunakitanga IS e ahu mai ana i te rākau whakatau ML tōna kaha ki te whakataurite tika i ngā momo ako a ngā ākonga niho ki ngā rautaki ako e tika ana. Mā tēnei taputapu ka whakaratohia he kōwhiringa kaha mō te whakamahere i ngā akoranga, i ngā kōwae rānei e aro ana ki te ākonga, ka taea te whakarei ake i te wheako ako a ngā ākonga.
He mahi matua te whakaako me te ako i roto i ngā whare wānanga. Ina whakawhanakehia he pūnaha mātauranga mahi kounga teitei, he mea nui kia arotahi ki ngā matea ako a ngā ākonga. Ka taea te whakatau i te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā ākonga me tō rātou taiao ako mā roto i ā rātou LS. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ko ngā koretake o te LS me te IS a ngā ākonga i whakaarohia e te kaiako ka pā kino ki te ako a ngā ākonga, pērā i te iti o te aro me te hihiri. Ka pā kino tēnei ki te mahi a ngā ākonga [1,2].
Ko te Pūnaha Ako (IS) he tikanga e whakamahia ana e ngā kaiako hei tuku mātauranga me ngā pūkenga ki ngā ākonga, tae atu ki te āwhina i ngā ākonga ki te ako [3]. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakamahere ngā kaiako pai i ngā rautaki whakaako, i te IS rānei, e pai ana mō te taumata mātauranga o ā rātou ākonga, ngā ariā e akohia ana e rātou, me tō rātou taumata ako. I roto i te ariā, ina ōrite te LS me te IS, ka taea e ngā ākonga te whakarite me te whakamahi i tētahi huinga pūkenga motuhake hei ako whai hua. I te nuinga o te wā, kei roto i tētahi mahere akoranga ētahi whakawhiti i waenga i ngā wāhanga, pērā i te whakaako ki te mahi ārahi, mai i te mahi ārahi rānei ki te mahi takitahi. Me te maumahara ki tēnei, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahere ngā kaiako whai hua i te whakaako me te whāinga ki te hanga mātauranga me ngā pūkenga o ngā ākonga [4].
Kei te piki haere te hiahia mō te SCL i roto i ngā whare wānanga teitei, tae atu ki te mahi niho. Kua hangaia ngā rautaki SCL hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia ako a ngā ākonga. Hei tauira, ka taea tēnei te whakatutuki mēnā ka whai wāhi kaha ngā ākonga ki ngā mahi ako, ā, ka mahi ngā kaiako hei kaiāwhina, hei kawenga hoki mō te whakarato urupare whai hua. E kīia ana mā te whakarato rauemi ako me ngā mahi e tika ana mō te taumata mātauranga, mō ngā hiahia rānei o ngā ākonga ka taea te whakapai ake i te taiao ako a ngā ākonga, me te whakatairanga i ngā wheako ako pai [5].
I te nuinga o te wā, ka pāngia te tukanga ako a ngā ākonga niho e ngā tikanga haumanu maha e hiahiatia ana kia mahia e rātou me te taiao haumanu e whakawhanake ana i ngā pūkenga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whai hua. Ko te kaupapa o te whakangungu he āhei i ngā ākonga ki te whakakotahi i ngā mōhiotanga taketake o te mahi niho me ngā pūkenga haumanu niho, me te whakamahi i ngā mōhiotanga kua riro mai ki ngā āhuatanga haumanu hou [6, 7]. I kitea i roto i ngā rangahau tōmua mō te whanaungatanga i waenga i te LS me te IS, ko te whakarerekē i ngā rautaki ako kua maherehia ki te LS pai ka āwhina i te whakapai ake i te tukanga mātauranga [8]. E taunaki ana hoki ngā kaituhi kia whakamahia he momo tikanga whakaako me te aromatawai hei urutau ki te ako me ngā hiahia o ngā ākonga.
Ka whai hua ngā kaiako i te whakamahi i te mātauranga reo matatini hei āwhina i a rātou ki te hoahoa, ki te whakawhanake, me te whakatinana i ngā akoranga hei whakarei ake i te whiwhinga a ngā ākonga i te mātauranga hohonu me te māramatanga ki te kaupapa. Kua whakawhanakehia e ngā kairangahau ētahi taputapu aromatawai reo matatini, pērā i te Tauira Ako Wheako Kolb, te Tauira Kāhua Ako Felder-Silverman (FSLSM), me te Tauira Fleming VAK/VARK [5, 9, 10]. E ai ki ngā tuhinga, ko ēnei tauira ako te tauira ako e whakamahia whānuitia ana, e akohia ana hoki. I roto i ngā mahi rangahau o nāianei, ka whakamahia te FSLSM hei aromatawai i te reo matatini i waenga i ngā ākonga niho.
He tauira whānui te FSLSM mō te aromatawai i te ako urutau i roto i te hangarau. He maha ngā tuhinga kua whakaputaina i roto i ngā pūtaiao hauora (tae atu ki te rongoā, te nēhi, te rongoā me te niho) ka kitea mā te whakamahi i ngā tauira FSLSM [5, 11, 12, 13]. Ko te taputapu e whakamahia ana hei ine i ngā āhuatanga o te LS i roto i te FLSM e kiia ana ko te Index of Learning Styles (ILS) [8], kei roto ko ngā tūemi 44 e aromatawai ana i ngā āhuatanga e whā o te LS: te tukatuka (kaha/whakaaroaro), te tirohanga (kitenga/ātaahua), te whakauru (tirohanga). /waha) me te mārama (raupapa/ao whānui) [14].
E ai ki te Pikitia 1, he mana nui tō ia taha FSLSM. Hei tauira, i te taha tukatuka, ko ngā ākonga whai LS "kaha" e pai ake ana ki te tukatuka i ngā mōhiohio mā te taunekeneke tika ki ngā rauemi ako, te ako mā te mahi, ā, ka ako i roto i ngā rōpū. Ko te LS "whakaaroaro" e pā ana ki te ako mā te whakaaro, ā, e pai ake ana ki te mahi takitahi. Ka taea te wehewehe i te taha "mātakitaki" o te LS ki te "kare" me/ranei te "āta whakaaro." Ko ngā ākonga "kare" e pai ake ana ki ngā mōhiohio tūturu me ngā tikanga mahi, he aro nui ki ngā meka ki ngā ākonga "āta whakaaro" e pai ake ana ki ngā rauemi whakarāpopoto, ā, he auaha ake, he auaha hoki te āhua. Ko te taha "whakauru" o te LS ko ngā ākonga "ataata" me te "waha". Ko te hunga whai LS "ataata" e pai ake ana ki te ako mā ngā whakaaturanga ataata (pēnei i ngā hoahoa, ngā ataata, ngā whakaaturanga ora rānei), ko te hunga whai LS "waha" e pai ake ana ki te ako mā ngā kupu i roto i ngā whakamārama tuhituhi, ā-waha rānei. Hei "mārama" ki ngā taha LS, ka taea te wehewehe i aua ākonga ki te "raupapa" me te "ao whānui". "He pai ake ki ngā ākonga raupapa te whakaaro rārangi, ā, ka ako taahiraa i te taahiraa, ko ngā ākonga ao ia he whakaaro whānui, ā, he pai ake te mārama ki tā rātou e ako ana."
Nō nā tata nei, he maha ngā kairangahau kua tīmata ki te tūhura i ngā tikanga mō te kimi aunoa e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga, tae atu ki te whakawhanake i ngā rauropi me ngā tauira hou e taea ai te whakamārama i ngā raraunga nui [15, 16]. I runga i ngā raraunga kua whakaratohia, ka taea e te ML tirotiro (ako mīhini) te whakaputa tauira me ngā whakapae e tohu ana i ngā hua ā muri ake nei i runga i te hanganga o ngā rauropi [17]. I te kī poto, ka whakahaerehia e ngā tikanga ako mīhini tirotiro ngā raraunga whakauru me te whakangungu rauropi. Kātahi ka whakaputa i tētahi whānuitanga e whakarōpū ana, e tohu ana rānei i te putanga i runga i ngā āhuatanga rite mō ngā raraunga whakauru kua whakaratohia. Ko te painga matua o ngā rauropi ako mīhini tirotiro ko tōna kaha ki te whakatū i ngā hua pai me ngā hua e hiahiatia ana [17].
Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga me ngā tauira whakahaere rākau whakatau, ka taea te kimi aunoa i ngā LS. Kua pūrongohia te whakamahinga whānui o ngā rākau whakatau i roto i ngā kaupapa whakangungu i roto i ngā momo mara, tae atu ki ngā pūtaiao hauora [18, 19]. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakangungua motuhaketia te tauira e ngā kaiwhakawhanake pūnaha hei tautuhi i ngā LS a ngā ākonga me te taunaki i te IS pai rawa atu mā rātou.
Ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he whakawhanake i ngā rautaki tuku IS e hangai ana ki te LS a ngā ākonga, me te whakamahi i te huarahi SCL mā te whakawhanake i tētahi taputapu taunakitanga IS kua whakaritea ki te LS. Ko te rere o te hoahoa o te taputapu taunakitanga IS hei rautaki o te tikanga SCL e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 1. E rua ngā wāhanga o te taputapu taunakitanga IS, tae atu ki te tikanga whakarōpūtanga LS mā te whakamahi i te ILS me te whakaaturanga IS tino tika mō ngā ākonga.
Ina koa, ko ngā āhuatanga o ngā taputapu taunakitanga haumarutanga mōhiohio ko te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau tukutuku me te whakamahinga o te ako mīhini rākau whakatau. Ka whakapai ake ngā kaiwhakawhanake pūnaha i te wheako kaiwhakamahi me te nekenekehanga mā te urutau i a rātou ki ngā taputapu pūkoro pēnei i ngā waea pūkoro me ngā papa.
E rua ngā wāhanga o te whakamātautau, ā, i whai wāhi atu ngā ākonga o te Wāhanga Niho o Te Whare Wānanga o Malaya i runga i te tūao. I whakautu ngā kaiuru ki te m-ILS ipurangi a tētahi ākonga niho i roto i te reo Pākehā. I te wāhanga tuatahi, i whakamahia he huinga raraunga o te 50 ākonga hei whakangungu i te rauropi ako mīhini rākau whakatau. I te wāhanga tuarua o te tukanga whakawhanake, i whakamahia he huinga raraunga o te 255 ākonga hei whakapai ake i te tika o te taputapu kua whakawhanakehia.
Ka whiwhi ngā kaiuru katoa i tētahi whakamōhiotanga ipurangi i te tīmatanga o ia wāhanga, i runga i te tau mātauranga, mā Microsoft Teams. I whakamāramahia te kaupapa o te rangahau, ā, i whiwhi whakaaetanga whai whakaaro. I whakaratohia ki ngā kaiuru katoa he hononga hei uru atu ki te m-ILS. I tohutohuhia ia ākonga ki te whakautu i ngā tūemi 44 katoa o te pātai. I hoatu ki a rātou he wiki kotahi hei whakaoti i te ILS kua whakarerekētia i te wā me te wāhi e pai ana ki a rātou i te wā hararei wāhanga i mua i te tīmatanga o te wāhanga. Ko te m-ILS e ahu mai ana i te taputapu ILS taketake, ā, kua whakarerekētia mō ngā ākonga niho. He rite ki te ILS taketake, kei roto e 44 ngā tūemi kua tohatohahia ōrite (a, b), me te 11 tūemi ia tūemi, e whakamahia ana hei aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga o ia taha FSLSM.
I ngā wāhanga tuatahi o te whakawhanaketanga taputapu, i tāpirihia ā-ringa e ngā kairangahau ngā mapi mā te whakamahi i tētahi huinga raraunga o te 50 ākonga niho. E ai ki te FSLM, ka whakaratohia e te pūnaha te tapeke o ngā whakautu "a" me "b". Mō ia taha, ki te tīpakohia e te ākonga te "a" hei whakautu, ka whakarōpūtia te LS hei Kaha/Tirohanga/Tirohanga/Raupapa, ā, ki te tīpakohia e te ākonga te "b" hei whakautu, ka whakarōpūtia te ākonga hei Ākonga Whakaaroaro/Ataahua/Reo. / ākonga ā-ao.
I muri i te whakataurite i te reremahi i waenga i ngā kairangahau mātauranga niho me ngā kaiwhakawhanake pūnaha, i tīpakohia ngā pātai i runga i te rohe FLSSM, ā, i whāngaihia ki te tauira ML hei matapae i te LS o ia ākonga. He kīwaha rongonui te "Para ki roto, para ki waho" i roto i te ao ako mīhini, me te aro nui ki te kounga raraunga. Ko te kounga o ngā raraunga whakauru e whakatau ana i te tika me te tika o te tauira ako mīhini. I te wā o te wāhanga hangarau āhuatanga, ka hangaia he huinga āhuatanga hou, ko te tapeke o ngā whakautu "a" me te "b" i runga i te FLSSM. Kei te Ripanga 1 ngā tau tautuhi o ngā tūranga rongoā.
Tātaihia te kaute i runga i ngā whakautu, ka whakatau i te LS a te ākonga. Mō ia ākonga, ko te awhe kaute kei waenga i te 1 ki te 11. Ko ngā kaute mai i te 1 ki te 3 e tohu ana i te taurite o ngā manakohanga ako i roto i te whānuitanga kotahi, ā, ko ngā kaute mai i te 5 ki te 7 e tohu ana i te manakohanga taurite, e tohu ana he pai ake ki ngā ākonga te ako i tētahi taiao ki ētahi atu. Ko tētahi atu rerekētanga o taua whānuitanga ko ngā kaute mai i te 9 ki te 11 e whakaatu ana i te manakohanga kaha ki tētahi pito, ki tētahi pito rānei [8].
Mō ia āhuatanga, i whakarōpūhia ngā rongoā ki te "kaha", te "whakaaroaro" me te "taurite". Hei tauira, ina whakautu pinepine te ākonga i te "a" i te "b" i runga i tētahi tūemi kua tohua, ā, ka nui ake tana kaute i te paepae o te 5 mō tētahi tūemi motuhake e tohu ana i te āhuatanga Tukatuka LS, nō te rohe LS "kaha" ia. . Heoi, i whakarōpūhia ngā ākonga hei LS "whakaaroaro" i te wā i whiriwhiria ai e rātou te "b" nui atu i te "a" i roto i ngā pātai 11 motuhake (Ripanga 1) ā, i whiwhi i te neke atu i te 5 ngā tohu. Hei whakamutunga, kei roto te ākonga i te āhua o te "taurite." Mena kāore te kaute e neke ake i te 5 ngā tohu, he LS "tukanga" tēnei. I tukuna anō te tukanga whakarōpū mō ētahi atu āhuatanga LS, arā, te tirohanga (kaha/whakaaroaro), te whakaurunga (tiro/waha), me te mārama (raupapa/ao whānui).
Ka taea e ngā tauira rākau whakatau te whakamahi i ngā huinga iti rerekē o ngā āhuatanga me ngā ture whakatau i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te tukanga whakarōpūtanga. E kiia ana he taputapu whakarōpūtanga me te matapae rongonui. Ka taea te whakaatu mā te whakamahi i tētahi hanganga rākau pēnei i te tūtohi rere [20], kei reira ngā pona ā-roto e tohu ana i ngā whakamātautau mā te huanga, ko ia peka e tohu ana i ngā hua whakamātautau, me ia pona rau (pona rau) kei roto he tapanga akomanga.
I hangaia he kaupapa ture māmā hei tohu aunoa i te LS a ia ākonga, me te tāpiri i ngā kōrero tāpiri i runga i ā rātou whakautu. Ko te kaupapa ture-e hangai ana ki te ture he tauākī IF, e whakaahua ana te "IF" i te whakaoho, ā, e tohu ana te "THEN" i te mahi hei mahi, hei tauira: "Ki te puta te X, ka puta te Y" (Liu et al., 2014). Mena ka whakaatuhia e te huinga raraunga he hononga, ā, kua whakangungua me te aromatawaihia te tauira rākau whakatau, ka taea e tēnei huarahi te whai hua ki te whakahaere aunoa i te tukanga o te taurite i te LS me te IS.
I te wāhanga tuarua o te whanaketanga, i whakanuia te huinga raraunga ki te 255 hei whakapai ake i te tika o te taputapu taunakitanga. Ka wehea te huinga raraunga ki te ōwehenga 1:4. I whakamahia te 25% (64) o te huinga raraunga mō te huinga whakamātautau, ā, ko te toenga 75% (191) i whakamahia hei huinga whakangungu (Pikitia 2). Me wehe te huinga raraunga hei ārai i te whakangungu me te whakamātautau i te tauira i runga i te huinga raraunga kotahi, ka taea ai e te tauira te maumahara kaua ki te ako. Ka whakangungua te tauira i runga i te huinga whakangungu, ā, ka aromatawai i tana mahi i runga i te huinga whakamātautau—ngā raraunga kāore anō kia kitea e te tauira i mua.
Kia oti te whakawhanake i te taputapu IS, ka taea e te tono te whakarōpū i te LS i runga i ngā urupare a ngā ākonga niho mā te atanga tukutuku. Kua hangaia te pūnaha taputapu taunakitanga haumarutanga mōhiohio e ahu mai ana i te tukutuku mā te whakamahi i te reo hōtaka Python me te whakamahi i te anga Django hei papamuri. Kei te Ripanga 2 ngā whare pukapuka i whakamahia i roto i te whakawhanaketanga o tēnei pūnaha.
Ka whāngaihia te huinga raraunga ki tētahi tauira rākau whakatau hei tatau me te tango i ngā whakautu a ngā ākonga hei whakarōpū aunoa i ngā inenga LS a ngā ākonga.
Ka whakamahia te matihiko whakapoauau hei aromatawai i te tika o tētahi pūnaha ako mīhini rākau whakatau i runga i tētahi huinga raraunga kua hoatu. I taua wā anō, ka aromatawaihia te mahi a te tauira whakarōpūtanga. Ka whakarāpopoto i ngā matapae a te tauira, ka whakataurite ki ngā tapanga raraunga tuturu. Ko ngā hua aromatawai e ahu mai ana i ngā uara rerekē e whā: Pono Pai (TP) – i matapae tika te tauira i te kāwai pai, Hē Pai (FP) – i matapae te tauira i te kāwai pai, engari he kino te tapanga pono, Pono Kino (TN) – i matapae tika te tauira i te akomanga kino, me te hē kino (FN) – Ka matapae te tauira i tētahi akomanga kino, engari he pai te tapanga pono.
Kātahi ka whakamahia ēnei uara hei tatau i ngā inenga mahi o te tauira whakarōpūtanga scikit-learn i roto i te Python, arā, te tika, te pūmau, te maumahara, me te kaute F1. Anei ngā tauira:
Ka ine te maumahara (te aro rānei) i te kaha o te tauira ki te whakarōpū tika i te LS a te ākonga i muri i te whakautu i te pātai m-ILS.
Ko te motuhaketanga ka kiia he reiti kino tūturu. E kitea ana i te tātai i runga ake nei, ko te ōwehenga tēnei o ngā kino tūturu (TN) ki ngā kino tūturu me ngā pai teka (FP). Hei wāhanga o te taputapu kua tūtohutia mō te whakarōpū i ngā raau taero a ngā ākonga, me āhei ki te tautuhi tika.
Ko te huinga raraunga taketake o te 50 ākonga i whakamahia hei whakangungu i te tauira ML rākau whakatau i whakaatu i te iti o te tika nā te hapa tangata i roto i ngā tuhipoka (Ripanga 3). Whai muri i te waihanga i tētahi kaupapa ture māmā hei tatau aunoa i ngā kaute LS me ngā tuhipoka ākonga, ka piki haere te maha o ngā huinga raraunga (255) i whakamahia hei whakangungu me te whakamātautau i te pūnaha tūtohu.
I roto i te matihiko whakapoauau maha-akomanga, ko ngā huānga whakarara e tohu ana i te maha o ngā matapae tika mō ia momo LS (Pikitia 4). Mā te whakamahi i te tauira rākau whakatau, e 64 ngā tauira katoa i matapaetia tika. Nō reira, i roto i tēnei rangahau, e whakaatu ana ngā huānga whakarara i ngā hua e tumanakohia ana, e tohu ana he pai te mahi a te tauira, ā, he tika te matapae i te tapanga akomanga mō ia whakarōpūtanga LS. Nō reira, ko te tika whānui o te taputapu taunakitanga he 100%.
Kei te Pikitia 5 ngā uara o te tika, te pūmau, te maumahara, me te kaute F1. Mō te pūnaha taunakitanga e whakamahi ana i te tauira rākau whakatau, ko tana kaute F1 he 1.0 "tino pai," e tohu ana i te pūmau me te maumahara tino pai, e whakaata ana i ngā uara tairongo me te motuhaketanga nui.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 6 i te whakaaturanga o te tauira rākau whakatau i muri i te otinga o te whakangungu me te whakamātautau. I roto i te whakataurite taha-ki-taha, ko te tauira rākau whakatau i whakangungua me ngā āhuatanga iti ake i whakaatu i te tika ake me te māmā ake o te whakaaturanga tauira. E whakaatu ana tēnei ko te hangarau āhuatanga e arahi ana ki te whakaiti āhuatanga he taahiraa nui ki te whakapai ake i te mahi tauira.
Mā te whakamahi i te ako e tirotirohia ana e te rākau whakatau, ka whakaputa aunoatia te mahere i waenga i te LS (tāuru) me te IS (putanga ūnga) ā, kei roto hoki ngā mōhiohio taipitopito mō ia LS.
I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ko te 34.9% o ngā ākonga 255 i pai ki te whiriwhiri i te kotahi (1) kōwhiringa LS. Ko te nuinga (54.3%) he rua, neke atu rānei ngā hiahia LS. I kī te 12.2% o ngā ākonga he tino taurite te LS (Ripanga 4). Haunga ngā LS matua e waru, e 34 ngā huinga o ngā whakarōpūtanga LS mō ngā ākonga niho o Te Whare Wānanga o Malaya. I roto i ēnei, ko te tirohanga, te tirohanga, me te huinga o te tirohanga me te tirohanga ngā LS matua i kōrerotia e ngā ākonga (Pikitia 7).
E kitea ana i te Ripanga 4, ko te nuinga o ngā ākonga he nui ake te aro ki ngā āhuatanga o te tirohanga (13.7%) me te aro ki ngā āhuatanga o te tirohanga (8.6%). I pūrongohia ko te 12.2% o ngā ākonga i whakakotahi i te tirohanga me te tirohanga (aro ki ngā āhuatanga o te tirohanga). E whakaatu ana ēnei kitenga he pai ake ki ngā ākonga te ako me te maumahara mā roto i ngā tikanga kua whakatūria, te whai i ngā tikanga motuhake me ngā taipitopito, ā, he aro nui hoki. I taua wā anō, e pai ana ki a rātou te ako mā te titiro (mā te whakamahi i ngā hoahoa, me ētahi atu) ā, he pai ki a rātou te matapaki me te whakamahi i ngā mōhiohio i roto i ngā rōpū, i a rātou anō rānei.
Ka whakaratohia e tēnei rangahau he tirohanga whānui mō ngā tikanga ako mīhini e whakamahia ana i roto i te keri raraunga, me te arotahi ki te matapae tere me te tika i te LS a ngā ākonga me te taunaki i te IS tika. Mā te whakamahinga o tētahi tauira rākau whakatau i tautuhia ngā āhuatanga e pā tata ana ki ō rātou oranga me ngā wheako mātauranga. He rauropi ako mīhini e tirotirohia ana e whakamahi ana i tētahi hanganga rākau hei whakarōpū i ngā raraunga mā te wehewehe i tētahi huinga raraunga ki ngā kāwai iti i runga i ētahi paearu. Ka mahi mā te wehewehe auau i ngā raraunga whakauru ki ngā iti i runga i te uara o tētahi o ngā āhuatanga whakauru o ia pūnga o roto tae noa ki te whakatau i te pūnga rau.
Ko ngā pūnga o roto o te rākau whakatau e tohu ana i te otinga i runga i ngā āhuatanga whakauru o te raruraru m-ILS, ā, ko ngā pūnga rau e tohu ana i te matapae whakarōpūtanga LS whakamutunga. I roto i te rangahau, he māmā noa te mārama ki te hiranga o ngā rākau whakatau e whakamārama ana, e whakaatu ana hoki i te tukanga whakatau mā te titiro ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā āhuatanga whakauru me ngā matapae putanga.
I roto i ngā mara o te pūtaiao rorohiko me te hangarau, e whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā rauropi ako mīhini hei matapae i te mahi a ngā ākonga i runga i ā rātou kaute whakamātautau whakauru [21], ngā mōhiohio taupori, me ngā whanonga ako [22]. I whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau he tika te matapae a te rauropi i te mahi a ngā ākonga, ā, i āwhina i a rātou ki te tautuhi i ngā ākonga e mōrearea ana ki ngā uauatanga mātauranga.
Kua pūrongohia te whakamahinga o ngā rauropi ML i roto i te whakawhanaketanga o ngā whakatauira tūroro mariko mō te whakangungu niho. Ka taea e te whakatauira te tārua tika i ngā urupare ā-tinana o ngā tūroro tūturu, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei whakangungu i ngā ākonga niho i roto i te taiao haumaru me te whakahaere [23]. He maha atu ngā rangahau e whakaatu ana ka taea e ngā rauropi ako mīhini te whakapai ake i te kounga me te whai huatanga o te mātauranga niho me te hauora me te tiaki tūroro. Kua whakamahia ngā rauropi ako mīhini hei āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā mate niho i runga i ngā huinga raraunga pēnei i ngā tohu me ngā āhuatanga o te tūroro [24, 25]. Ahakoa kua tūhuratia e ētahi atu rangahau te whakamahinga o ngā rauropi ako mīhini hei mahi i ngā mahi pēnei i te matapae i ngā putanga o te tūroro, te tautuhi i ngā tūroro mōrearea nui, te whakawhanake i ngā mahere maimoatanga whaiaro [26], te maimoatanga periodontal [27], me te maimoatanga caries [25].
Ahakoa kua whakaputaina ngā pūrongo mō te whakamahinga o te ako mīhini i roto i te mahi niho, he iti tonu tōna whakamahinga i roto i te mātauranga niho. Nō reira, ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he whakamahi i tētahi tauira rākau whakatau hei tautuhi i ngā āhuatanga e tino pā ana ki te LS me te IS i waenga i ngā ākonga niho.
E whakaatu ana ngā hua o tēnei rangahau he tino tika te taputapu taunakitanga kua whakawhanakehia, ā, he tino tika hoki, e tohu ana ka taea e ngā kaiako te whai hua mai i tēnei taputapu. Mā te whakamahi i tētahi tukanga whakarōpū e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga, ka taea te whakarato taunakitanga whaiaro me te whakapai ake i ngā wheako me ngā putanga mātauranga mō ngā kaiako me ngā ākonga. I roto i ēnei, ka taea e ngā mōhiohio i whiwhihia mā roto i ngā taputapu taunakitanga te whakatau i ngā taupatupatu i waenga i ngā tikanga whakaako e pai ana ki ngā kaiako me ngā hiahia ako a ngā ākonga. Hei tauira, nā te putanga aunoa o ngā taputapu taunakitanga, ka tino whakaitihia te wā e hiahiatia ana hei tautuhi i te IP o te ākonga me te taurite ki te IP e rite ana. Mā tēnei, ka taea te whakarite i ngā mahi whakangungu me ngā rauemi whakangungu e tika ana. Ka āwhina tēnei ki te whakawhanake i te whanonga ako pai a ngā ākonga me te kaha ki te arotahi. I kōrero tētahi rangahau mā te whakarato i ngā rauemi ako me ngā mahi ako e rite ana ki tā rātou LS e pai ana ki ngā ākonga ka taea te āwhina i ngā ākonga ki te whakauru, ki te tukatuka, me te pārekareka ki te ako i roto i ngā huarahi maha hei whakatutuki i te kaha nui ake [12]. E whakaatu ana hoki ngā rangahau, hei tāpiri atu ki te whakapai ake i te whai wāhi a ngā ākonga ki te akomanga, he mea nui anō hoki te mārama ki te tukanga ako a ngā ākonga ki te whakapai ake i ngā mahi whakaako me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki ngā ākonga [28, 29].
Heoi, pērā i ngā hangarau hou katoa, he raruraru me ngā herenga kei reira. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā take e pā ana ki te tūmataitinga raraunga, te whakaaro pākiki me te tika, me ngā pūkenga ngaio me ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana hei whakawhanake me te whakatinana i ngā rauropi ako mīhini i roto i te mātauranga niho; Heoi, ko te tipu haere o te hiahia me te rangahau i tēnei wāhanga e kī ana he pānga pai pea ngā hangarau ako mīhini ki te mātauranga niho me ngā ratonga niho.
E whakaatu ana ngā hua o tēnei rangahau he haurua o ngā ākonga niho he āhua ki te "kite" i ngā raau taero. He pai ake ki tēnei momo ākonga ngā meka me ngā tauira tūturu, he aronga mahi, he manawanui ki ngā taipitopito, ā, he pai ake ki te ako i ngā mea "ataata", e pai ake ai ngā ākonga ki te whakamahi i ngā pikitia, ngā whakairoiro, ngā tae, me ngā mapi hei whakaatu i ngā whakaaro me ngā whakaaro. He rite tonu ngā hua o nāianei ki ētahi atu rangahau e whakamahi ana i te ako i ngā mea hei aromatawai i te ako i ngā mea i roto i ngā ākonga niho me ngā ākonga hauora, ko te nuinga o rātou he āhuatanga o te ako i ngā mea ka kitea me te ako i ngā mea ka kitea [12, 30]. E kī ana a Dalmolin me ētahi atu mā te whakamōhio i ngā ākonga mō ā rātou mea ka taea e rātou te eke ki tō rātou pūmanawa ako. E kī ana ngā kairangahau ina tino mārama ngā kaiako ki te tukanga ako a ngā ākonga, ka taea te whakatinana i ngā tikanga whakaako me ngā mahi hei whakapai ake i te mahi me te wheako ako a ngā ākonga [12, 31, 32]. Kua whakaatuhia e ētahi atu rangahau ko te whakarerekē i te ako i ngā mea a ngā ākonga e whakaatu ana hoki i ngā whakapainga i roto i te wheako ako me te mahi a ngā ākonga i muri i te whakarerekē i ā rātou momo ako kia rite ki ā rātou ake mea [13, 33].
Tērā pea he rerekē ngā whakaaro o ngā kaiako mō te whakatinanatanga o ngā rautaki whakaako i runga i ngā pūkenga ako a ngā ākonga. Ahakoa e kite ana ētahi i ngā painga o tēnei huarahi, tae atu ki ngā whai wāhitanga whakawhanake ngaio, te ārahi, me te tautoko a te hapori, tērā pea kei te āwangawanga ētahi mō te wā me te tautoko a ngā whare wānanga. Ko te whai i te taurite te mea nui ki te waihanga i tētahi waiaro e aro ana ki ngā ākonga. Ka taea e ngā mana whakahaere mātauranga teitei, pērā i ngā kaiwhakahaere whare wānanga, te whai wāhi nui ki te akiaki i ngā huringa pai mā te whakauru i ngā mahi auaha me te tautoko i te whakawhanaketanga o ngā kaiako [34]. Hei waihanga i tētahi pūnaha mātauranga teitei tino hihiri me te aro nui, me mahi ngā kaihanga kaupapa here i ngā mahi maia, pērā i te hanga huringa kaupapa here, te whakatapua rauemi ki te whakaurunga hangarau, me te waihanga anga e whakatairanga ana i ngā huarahi e aro ana ki ngā ākonga. He mea nui ēnei mahi ki te whakatutuki i ngā hua e hiahiatia ana. Kua whakaatuhia mārama e ngā rangahau hou mō te whakaakoranga rerekē ko te whakatinanatanga angitu o te whakaakoranga rerekē me whai wāhi tonu ki te whakangungu me te whakawhanaketanga mō ngā kaiako [35].
He tino tautoko tēnei taputapu i ngā kaiako niho e hiahia ana ki te whai i tētahi huarahi e aro ana ki ngā ākonga ki te whakamahere i ngā mahi ako e pai ana ki ngā ākonga. Heoi, ko te whakamahinga o ngā tauira ML rākau whakatau anake te kaupapa o tēnei rangahau. Ā muri ake nei, me kohikohi ake ētahi atu raraunga hei whakataurite i te mahi a ngā tauira ako mīhini rerekē hei whakataurite i te tika, te pono, me te tino tika o ngā taputapu tūtohu. Hei tāpiri, i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i te tikanga ako mīhini tino tika mō tētahi mahi, he mea nui kia whakaarohia ētahi atu āhuatanga pēnei i te uaua me te whakamaoritanga o te tauira.
Ko tētahi herenga o tēnei rangahau ko te arotahi noa ki te mahere i te LS me te IS i waenga i ngā ākonga niho. Nō reira, ko te pūnaha taunakitanga kua whakawhanakehia ka tūtohu noa i ngā mea e tika ana mō ngā ākonga niho. Me whakarerekē ngā mea mō te whakamahinga whānui a ngā ākonga mātauranga teitei.
Ka taea e te taputapu taunakitanga hou e ahu mai ana i te ako mīhini te whakarōpū me te taurite tonu i ngā pūkenga ako niho a ngā ākonga ki te pūkenga ako niho e rite ana, ā, koinei te kaupapa mātauranga niho tuatahi hei āwhina i ngā kaiwhakaako niho ki te whakamahere i ngā mahi whakaako me te ako e tika ana. Mā te whakamahi i tētahi tukanga whakarōpū raraunga, ka taea e ia te whakarato taunakitanga whaiaro, te penapena wā, te whakapai ake i ngā rautaki whakaako, te tautoko i ngā wawaotanga kua whakaritea, me te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga ngaio tonu. Mā tana whakamahinga ka whakatairanga i ngā huarahi e aro ana ki ngā ākonga ki te mātauranga niho.
Gilak Jani Associated Press. Te ōritenga, te kore ōritenga rānei i waenga i te momo ako a te ākonga me te momo whakaako a te kaiako. Int J Mod Educ Computer Science. 2012;4(11):51–60. https://doi.org/10.5815/ijmecs.2012.11.05
Wā tuku: 29 Paenga-whāwhā 2024