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Kupu Whakataki E hiahiatia ana e ngā whakahaere whakahaere o te umanga niho i te UK me Airana kia whai tohu ngā tākuta niho, kia whai mātauranga, pūkenga me ngā āhuatanga hoki hei āwhina i a rātou ki te mahi haumaru me te kore he tirotiro. Tērā pea ka rerekē ngā huarahi e tutuki ai tēnei whāinga e ngā kura niho, ā, ka whakarerekētia hei whakautu i ngā huringa o ngā tumanakohanga a ngā whakahaere whakahaere me ngā wero i roto i te taiao mātauranga. Nō reira, he mea nui kia whakatauhia ko ēhea ngā tikanga e pai ana te mahi, me te hora i ngā mahi pai kua whakaahuatia i roto i ngā tuhinga.
Ngā Whāinga He whakamahi i tētahi arotake whānui hei tautuhi i ngā tikanga mō te whakaako i ngā pūkenga niho haumanu mai i ngā tuhinga kua whakaputaina, tae atu ki te auahatanga, te hihiri mō te huringa, me ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te kounga me te kounga o te whakaako.
Ngā Tikanga. I whakamahia he tikanga arotake whānui hei tīpako me te tātari i ngā tuhinga e 57 i whakaputaina i waenga i te tau 2008 me te tau 2018.
Ngā Hua. Nā ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau mōhiohio me te whanaketanga o ngā taiao ako mariko kua āwhina i te auahatanga o te whakaako, ā, kua whakatairangahia te ako takitahi me te ako motuhake. Ka whakahaerehia te whakangungu ā-ringa i mua i te haumanu i roto i ngā taiwhanga hangarau haumanu ma te whakamahi i ngā pane tāne, ā, ka whakamahia hoki e ētahi kura niho ngā whakatauira mooni mariko. Ko te wheako haumanu ka riro mai i ngā whare hauora maha-mātauranga me ngā pokapū whakangungu nekeneke. Kua pūrongohia ko te korenga o te maha o ngā tūroro e tika ana, te pikinga ake o te maha o ngā ākonga, me te hekenga o ngā kaiako ka hua ake te hekenga o te wheako haumanu me ētahi momo maimoatanga.
Whakamutunga Mā te whakangungu pūkenga niho haumanu o nāianei ka puta he tauira hou kua whiwhi i te mātauranga ariā pai, kua rite, kua māia hoki ki ngā pūkenga haumanu taketake, engari kāore i te nui te wheako ki te tiaki hauora uaua, ā, ka iti ake pea te hiahia ki te mahi takitahi.
E whakamahi ana i ngā tuhinga, e whakaatu ana i te pānga o ngā auahatanga kua whakahuatia ki te whai huatanga me te whakatinanatanga o te whakaakoranga pūkenga haumanu niho puta noa i ngā momo marautanga haumanu.
He maha ngā āwangawanga i tautuhia e ngā kaipupuri whakaaro e pā ana ki ngā wāhanga haumanu motuhake, i reira i pūrongohia ai te mōrearea o te kore e ranea o te whakarite mō te mahi motuhake.
He mea whai hua mō te hunga e whai wāhi ana ki te whakawhanake i ngā tikanga whakaako i te taumata paetahi, tae atu ki te hunga e whai wāhi ana ki te hononga i waenga i te paetahi me te whakangungu taketake.
Me whakarato ngā kura niho i ngā pūkenga me ngā mātauranga e āhei ai rātou ki te mahi i runga i te matatau, te aroha, me te motuhake, me te kore he tirotiro, e ai ki te wāhanga "Te Whakarite mō te Mahi". 1
He Ture Mahi tā te Kaunihera Niho o Airana e whakatakoto ana i ana tumanakohanga mō ētahi wāhanga haumanu. 2,3,4,5
Ahakoa kua mārama te tautuhi i ngā putanga o te kaupapa paetahi i ia rohe, kei ia kura niho te mana ki te whakawhanake i tana ake marautanga. Ko ngā mea matua ko te whakaako i ngā ariā taketake, te mahi haumaru o ngā pūkenga pokanga taketake i mua i te whakapā atu ki te tūroro, me te whakakoi i ngā pūkenga tūroro i raro i te tirotiro.
Ko te nuinga o ngā tauira hou o te UK ka uru atu ki tētahi kaupapa tau kotahi e kiia nei ko te Whakangungu Tūāpapa, e utua ana e te Ratonga Hauora ā-Motu, ka mahi rātou i tētahi kura kua whiriwhiria i raro i te tirotiro a tētahi e kiia nei ko te Upoko Mātauranga (i mua ko te Kaiwhakangungu Mātauranga Tūroro Taketake NHS i roto i te Mahi Tiaki Tuatahi). āwhina). Ka tae atu ngā kaiuru ki te iti rawa o te 30 ngā rā ako e hiahiatia ana i tētahi kura paerua ā-rohe mō ngā whakangungu tāpiri kua whakaritea. I whakawhanakehia te akoranga e te Kaunihera o ngā Tumuaki me ngā Kaiwhakahaere o te Niho Paerua i te UK. 6 Me oti pai tēnei akoranga i mua i te tono a te taote niho mō tētahi nama kaiwhakaari me te tīmata i te mahi a te GP, te whakauru atu rānei ki te ratonga hōhipera i te tau e whai ake nei.
I Airana, ka taea e ngā tākuta niho hou kua puta i tā rātou tohu te whakauru ki ngā tūranga mahi whānui (GP) me ngā tūranga hōhipera rānei, me te kore he whakangungu atu.
Ko te whāinga o tēnei kaupapa rangahau he whakahaere i tētahi arotake whānui o ngā tuhinga hei tūhura me te mahere i te whānuitanga o ngā huarahi ki te whakaako i ngā pūkenga niho haumanu i te taumata paetahi i ngā kura niho o te UK me Airana, hei whakatau mēnā kua puta mai ngā huarahi whakaako hou, ā, he aha hoki. Mēnā kua rerekē te taiao whakaako, ngā tirohanga a ngā kaiako me ngā ākonga ki te whakaako, me te pai o te whakarite a te whakaako i ngā ākonga mō te oranga i roto i te mahi niho.
He pai ngā whāinga o te rangahau i runga ake nei mō te tikanga rangahau rangahau. He taputapu pai te arotake whānui hei whakatau i te whānuitanga, te whānuitanga rānei o ngā tuhinga mō tētahi kaupapa, ā, e whakamahia ana hei whakarato i tētahi tirohanga whānui mō te āhua me te nui o ngā taunakitanga pūtaiao e wātea ana. Mā tēnei, ka taea te tautuhi i ngā āputa mātauranga, ā, ka taea te whakaaro i ngā kaupapa mō te arotake pūnaha.
I whai te tikanga mō tēnei arotake i te anga i whakaahuatia e Arksey rāua ko O'Malley7, ā, i whakatikatikaina e Levack et al.8. Kei roto i te anga he anga e ono ngā taahiraa i hangaia hei ārahi i ngā kairangahau i roto i ia taahiraa o te tukanga arotake.
Nō reira, e rima ngā taahiraa i roto i tēnei arotake whānui: te tautuhi i te pātai rangahau (Hipanga 1); te tautuhi i ngā rangahau e tika ana (hipanga 2); te whakaatu i ngā hua (Hipanga 5). I tangohia te wāhanga tuaono – arā, ngā whiriwhiringa. Ahakoa e whakaaro ana a Levac et al. 8 he taahiraa nui tēnei i roto i te huarahi arotake whānui nā te mea ka whakanui ake te arotake a ngā kaipupuri hea i te pakari o te rangahau, e whakaaro ana a Arksey et al. 7 he mea whiriwhiri tēnei taahiraa.
Ka whakatauhia ngā pātai rangahau i runga i ngā whāinga o te arotake, arā, ki te tirotiro i ngā mea e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā tuhinga:
Ngā tirohanga a ngā kaipupuri hea (ngā ākonga, ngā kaiako haumanu, ngā tūroro) mō ō rātou wheako ki te whakaako i ngā pūkenga haumanu i te kura niho me tā rātou whakarite mō te mahi.
I rapua te pātengi raraunga Medline All mā te whakamahi i te tūāpapa Ovid hei tautuhi i ngā tuhinga tuatahi. I whakaratohia e tēnei rapunga whakamātautau ngā kupumatua i whakamahia i roto i ngā rapunga i muri mai. Rapua ngā pātengi raraunga Wiley me ERIC (tūāpapa EBSCO) mā te whakamahi i ngā kupumatua "mātauranga niho ME te whakangungu pūkenga haumanu" RĀNEI "whakangungu pūkenga haumanu". Rapua te pātengi raraunga UK mā te whakamahi i ngā kupumatua "mātauranga niho ME te whakangungu pūkenga haumanu" RĀNEI "whakawhanaketanga pūkenga haumanu". I rapua te Journal of Dentistry me te The European Journal of Dental Education.
I hangaia te kawa whiriwhiri hei whakarite kia ōrite te whiriwhiringa o ngā tuhinga, ā, kei roto hoki ngā mōhiohio e tika ana hei whakautu i te pātai rangahau (Ripanga 1). Tirohia te rārangi tohutoro o te tuhinga kua tīpakohia mō ētahi atu tuhinga e tika ana. E whakarāpopoto ana te tūtohi PRISMA i te Pikitia 1 i ngā hua o te tukanga whiriwhiri.
I hangaia ngā tūtohi raraunga hei whakaata i ngā āhuatanga matua me ngā kitenga e tumanakohia ana kia whakaatuhia i roto i ngā āhuatanga kua tohua o te tuhinga. 7 I arotakehia ngā tuhinga katoa o ngā tuhinga kua tohua hei tautuhi i ngā kaupapa.
E 57 ngā tuhinga katoa i tutuki i ngā paearu kua tohua i roto i te kawa whiriwhiri i tīpakohia hei whakauru ki te arotake tuhinga. Kei roto i ngā mōhiohio tāpiri ipurangi te rārangi.
Ko ēnei tuhinga he hua o te mahi a tētahi rōpū kairangahau mai i ngā kura niho 11 (61% o ngā kura niho i te UK me Airana) (Pikitia 2).
I arotakehia e ngā tuhinga 57 i tutuki i ngā paearu whakauru mō te arotake ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te whakaako i ngā pūkenga niho haumanu i roto i ngā momo marautanga haumanu. Mā te tātari ihirangi o ngā tuhinga, i whakarōpūhia ia tuhinga ki roto i tana marautanga haumanu e rite ana. I ētahi wā, i arotahi ngā tuhinga ki te whakaako i ngā pūkenga haumanu i roto i te marautanga haumanu kotahi. Ko ētahi i titiro ki ngā pūkenga niho haumanu, ki ngā āhuatanga ako motuhake rānei e pā ana ki ngā wāhanga haumanu maha. Ko te rōpū e kiia nei ko "Ētahi Atu" te momo tūemi whakamutunga.
Ko ngā tuhinga e aro ana ki te whakaako i ngā pūkenga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te whakawhanake i te mahi whakaaroaro i whakanohoia ki raro i te rōpū "Pūkenga Ngāwari". I roto i te maha o ngā kura niho, ka rongoatia e ngā ākonga ngā tūroro pakeke i roto i ngā whare hauora maha-mātauranga e aro ana ki ngā āhuatanga katoa o tō rātou hauora waha. Ko te rōpū "manaaki tūroro whānui" e pā ana ki ngā tuhinga e whakaahua ana i ngā kaupapa mātauranga haumanu i roto i ēnei tautuhinga.
Mō ngā marautanga haumanu, e whakaaturia ana te horapa o ngā tuhinga arotake e 57 i te Pikitia 3.
I muri i te tātari i ngā raraunga, e rima ngā kaupapa matua i puta mai, he maha ngā kaupapa iti i roto i ia tuhinga. Kei roto i ētahi tuhinga ngā raraunga mō ngā kaupapa maha, pērā i ngā mōhiohio mō te whakaako i ngā ariā ariā me ngā tikanga mō te whakaako i ngā pūkenga haumanu mahi. Ko ngā kaupapa whakaaro e ahu mai ana i ngā rangahau pātai e whakaata ana i ngā tirohanga a ngā tumuaki tari, ngā kairangahau, ngā tūroro me ētahi atu kaipupuri hea. Hei tāpiri, i whakaratohia e te kaupapa whakaaro he "reo ākonga" nui me ngā kōrero tika i roto i te 16 tuhinga e tohu ana i ngā whakaaro o ngā ākonga 2042 i uru mai (Pikitia 4).
Ahakoa ngā rerekētanga nui o te wā whakaako i waenga i ngā kaupapa, he tino ōrite te huarahi ki te whakaako i ngā ariā ariā. E ai ki ngā pūrongo, i whakaratohia ngā kauhau, ngā wānanga, me ngā whakangungu i ngā kura niho katoa, ā, ko ētahi i whakamahi i te ako rapanga. Kua kitea he mea noa te whakamahi i te hangarau hei whakarei ake i ngā ihirangi (tērā pea ka hoha) mā roto i ngā tikanga ororongo me ngā tirohanga i roto i ngā akoranga tuku iho.
Nā ngā kaimahi mātauranga haumanu (ngā kaumātua me ngā kaumātua), ngā tākuta whānui me ngā tohunga motuhake (arā, ngā tohunga hihi-X) i whakaako. Kua whakakapia te nuinga o ngā rauemi tā ki ngā tomokanga ipurangi e taea ai e ngā ākonga te uru atu ki ngā rauemi akoranga.
Ko ngā whakangungu pūkenga haumanu katoa i roto i te kura niho ka tū ki te Phantom Lab. He rite tonu ngā taputapu hurihuri, ngā taputapu ringaringa, me ngā taputapu hihi-X ki ērā e whakamahia ana i roto i te whare hauora, nō reira, hei tāpiri atu ki te ako i ngā pūkenga pokanga niho i roto i te taiao whakaata, ka taea e koe te mōhio ki ngā taputapu, te ergonomics, me te haumaru o te tūroro. Ka whakaakona ngā pūkenga whakaora taketake i te tau tuatahi me te tuarua, ā, muri iho ko te endodontics, te prosthodontics pumau me te pokanga waha i ngā tau e whai ake nei (tau tuatoru ki te rima).
Kua whakakapia te nuinga o ngā whakaaturanga ora o ngā pūkenga haumanu e ngā rauemi ataata e whakaratohia ana e ngā taiao ako mariko (VLE) o ngā kura niho. Kei roto i ngā kaiako ngā kaiako haumanu o te whare wānanga me ngā tākuta whānui. He maha ngā kura niho kua tāuta i ngā whakatauira mooni mariko.
Ka whakahaerehia ngā whakangungu pūkenga kōrero i runga i te kaupapa awheawhe, e whakamahi ana i ngā hoa akomanga me ngā kaiwhakaari motuhake hei tūroro whakatauira hei whakaharatau i ngā horopaki kōrero i mua i te whakapā atu ki te tūroro, ahakoa e whakamahia ana te hangarau ataata hei whakaatu i ngā mahi pai rawa atu, hei tuku hoki i ngā ākonga ki te aromatawai i ā rātou ake mahi.
I te wā o mua i te haumanu, i tangohia e ngā ākonga ngā niho o ngā tūpāpaku o Thiel i whakaahuatia hei whakarei ake i te tūturutanga.
He maha ngā kura niho kua whakatū i ngā wāhi rongoā maha-mātanga e whakatutukihia ai ngā hiahia maimoatanga katoa o te tūroro i roto i te wāhi rongoā kotahi, kaua i te maha o ngā wāhi rongoā kotahi-mātanga, e whakaponohia ana e te tini o ngā kaituhi koinei te tauira pai rawa atu mō te mahi tiaki tuatahi.
Ka tukuna e ngā kaiwhakahaere haumanu he urupare i runga i te mahi a te ākonga i roto i ngā tikanga haumanu, ā, mā te whakaaroaro i muri mai ki ēnei urupare ka ārahi i te ako a meake nei mō ngā pūkenga ōrite.
Ko te hunga e whakahaere ana i tēnei "tari" kua whiwhi pea i ētahi whakangungu paerua i roto i te ao mātauranga.
Kua pūrongohia kua pai ake te pono i te taumata haumanu mā te whakamahi i ngā whare hauora maha-mātauranga i roto i ngā kura niho me te whakawhanaketanga o ngā whare hauora iti e mōhiotia ana ko ngā pokapū toro atu. He wāhanga nui o te mātauranga o ngā ākonga kura tuarua ngā kaupapa toro atu: tae atu ki te 50% o te wā e pau ana i ngā ākonga tau whakamutunga ki roto i aua whare hauora. I uru atu ngā whare hauora motuhake, ngā whare hauora niho hapori NHS me ngā tūranga GP. He rerekē ngā kaiwhakahaere niho i runga i te momo wāhi, me te momo wheako haumanu i whiwhihia nā te rerekētanga o ngā taupori tūroro. I whiwhi ngā ākonga i te wheako ki te mahi tahi me ētahi atu tohunga tiaki niho, ā, i whiwhi i te māramatanga hohonu ki ngā ara mahi tahi. Ko ngā painga e kīia ana ko te nui ake me te kanorau o te taupori tūroro i ngā pokapū toro atu ki te whakataurite ki ngā whare hauora niho o te kura.
Kua whakawhanakehia ngā teihana mahi mooni mariko hei huarahi kē atu i ngā taputapu pane mariko tuku iho mō te whakangungu pūkenga haumanu-mua i roto i te iti o ngā kura niho. Ka mau ngā ākonga i ngā karu 3D hei waihanga i tētahi taiao mooni mariko. Ka whakaratohia e ngā tohu ororongo me ngā tohu whakarongo ki ngā kaiwhakahaere he mōhiohio mahi whai kiko me te tere. Ka mahi takitahi ngā ākonga. He maha ngā tikanga hei whiriwhiri, mai i te whakarite poka ngāwari mō ngā tīmatanga ki te whakarite karauna me te piriti mō ngā ākonga matatau. E ai ki ngā pūrongo, ko ngā painga ko te iti ake o ngā whakaritenga tirotiro, ka taea pea te whakapai ake i te hua me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere ki te whakataurite ki ngā akoranga e arahina ana e te kaitirotiro tuku iho.
Ka whakakotahi te Pūāhua Mamati Mariko Rorohiko (CVRS) i ngā waeine pane mariko tuku iho me ngā taputapu me ngā kāmera whero-whero me ngā rorohiko hei hanga i tētahi ao mariko toru-ahu o te kōhao, e hipoki ana i ngā nganatanga a te ākonga ki te whakangungu tino pai i runga i te mata.
He āwhina ngā taputapu VR/haptic i ngā tikanga tuku iho, kaua e whakakapi, ā, e ai ki ngā pūrongo he pai ake ki ngā ākonga te whakakotahitanga o te tirotiro me te urupare rorohiko.
Ko te nuinga o ngā kura niho e whakamahi ana i te VLE hei āwhina i ngā ākonga ki te uru atu ki ngā rauemi me te whai wāhi atu ki ngā mahi ipurangi me ngā taumata taunekeneke rerekē, pērā i ngā huihuinga tukutuku, ngā akoranga, me ngā kauhau. E ai ki ngā pūrongo, ko ngā painga o te VLE he nui ake te ngāwari me te mana motuhake i te mea ka taea e ngā ākonga te whakarite i ō rātou ake tere, te wā me te wāhi ako. Ko ngā rauemi ipurangi i hangaia e ngā kura matua niho (me te maha atu o ngā puna i hangaia ā-motu me te ao) kua arahi ki te ao ako. He maha ngā wā ka honoa te ako-e ki te ako kanohi ki te kanohi tuku iho (te ako whakaranu). E whakaponohia ana he pai ake tēnei huarahi i tētahi o ngā tikanga anake.
Kei ētahi whare hauora niho ngā pona hei āwhina i ngā ākonga ki te whakamahi i ngā rauemi VLE i te wā e maimoatangahia ana.
Mā te wheako o te tuku me te whiwhi i ngā arotake ā-ture ka nui ake te whai wāhi o ngā hoa mahi ki ngā mahi. I kite ngā ākonga kei te whanake haere ā rātou pūkenga whakaaroaro me te arohaehae.
Ko te mahi rōpū kāore anō kia whakaakona, arā, ko te whakahaere a ngā ākonga i ā rātou ake awheawhe mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi e whakaratohia ana e te kura niho VLE, e kiia ana he huarahi whai hua hei whakawhanake i ngā pūkenga whakahaere-ā-tinana me te mahi tahi e hiahiatia ana mō te mahi takitahi.
Ko te nuinga o ngā kura niho e whakamahi ana i ngā kōpaki mahi (ngā tuhinga o te ahunga whakamua o te mahi) me ngā kōpaki hiko. Mā tēnei kōpaki mahi ka kitea he tuhinga ōkawa mō ngā whakatutukitanga me ngā wheako, ka hohonu ake te māramatanga mā te whakaaroaro ki ngā wheako, ā, he huarahi pai hoki hei whakawhanake i te ngaiotanga me ngā pūkenga aromatawai-whaiaro.
Kua pūrongohia te korenga o ngā tūroro e tika ana hei whakatutuki i te hiahia mō ngā tohungatanga haumanu. Ko ētahi o ngā whakamārama ko te kore e taea te haere mai o ngā tūroro, ngā tūroro e mate pūmau ana me te iti, te kore rānei o te mate, te korenga o te tūroro e whakarongo ki ngā whakaritenga maimoatanga, me te kore e taea te tae atu ki ngā wāhi maimoatanga.
E akiakihia ana ngā wāhi tirotiro me te aromatawai hei whakanui ake i te urunga atu o ngā tūroro. He maha ngā tuhinga i whakapuaki i ngā āwangawanga mō te korenga o te whakamahinga haumanu o ētahi maimoatanga ka puta he raruraru ina tūtaki ngā ākonga o te Foundation ki aua maimoatanga i roto i te mahi.
Kei te piki haere te whakawhirinaki ki te GDP wā-wāhanga me ngā kaiako haumanu i roto i te hunga mahi niho whakaora, ā, ko te tūranga o ngā kaiako haumanu matua ka piki haere te tirotiro me te rautaki hei kawenga mō ngā wāhanga motuhake o te kaupapa akoranga. E 16/57 (28%) ngā tuhinga i kōrero mō te korenga o ngā kaimahi haumanu i ngā taumata whakaako me te kaiārahi.
Wā tuku: 29 o Ākuhata-2024