Ngā Āhuatanga: Kei roto i te tauira e toru ngā tauira whakanui o te wāhanga whatukuhu, te nephron me te glomerulus, e whakaatu ana i te hanganga wāhanga whatukuhu (te cortex whatukuhu, te medulla whatukuhu, te ngongo proximal, te ngongo distal, te sacrum medullary, te awa kohikohi, te ngongo papillary, te whatukuhu iti), te whatukuhu, te pelvis whatukuhu, te ureter); te hanganga nephron, te corpuscle whatukuhu (e mōhiotia ana ko te glomerular) me ngā ngongo whatukuhu; te hanganga glomerular (he mea tito mai i ngā putea vascular me ngā putea whatukuhu, e whakaatu ana hoki i ngā pūtau paracellular. E 8 ngā wāhanga whatukuhu, 14 ngā nephron, me te 6 ngā tohu glomerular.
Ngā Ahu: te wāhanga whatukuhu kua whakanuia: teitei 14.5cm, whānui 10cm, matotoru 3cm; te whakanui nephron: teitei 19cm, whānui 15cm, matotoru 1.9cm; te whakanui glomerular: teitei 14.5cm, whānui 8.5cm, matotoru 5cm
Rauemi: rauemi PVC kawemai, peita kawemai, taurite tae rorohiko, peita taumata teitei
Ratonga muri-hoko: Mena kāore te hua tauira i pakaru i ngā āhuatanga tangata, kotahi tau te roa o tā mātou wā whakamana kore utu.

| Ngā Painga o ngā Hua |
| 1. Rauemi Hua |
| He PVC kounga teitei, he pai mō te taiao. Kāore he paitini, kāore hoki e poke ngā rauemi mata o te PVC, ā, ka taea te penapena mō te wā roa. |
| 2. Rangahauhia marietia. |
| Ka ārahihia ia tauira hauora e ngā tohunga, ā, he tino ergonomic hoki. |
| 3. I peitahia marietia. |
| E ai ki ngā āhuatanga o te tauira, ka whiriwhiria e mātou te tae tika, ka tuhia he whiu. |




1. He mea hanga te hua ki te PVC kounga teitei, he pai mō te taiao, he iti te paitini, ā, he haumaru hoki.
2. Kaua e haunga. He tohu tino nui te haunga o ngā hua kirihou hei ine i tōna pānga ki te taiao me te haumaru. Ko ngā hua kirihou e kore e pai ki te haunga mō te wā roa, me kore e pai ki te taiao, ā, he paitini, he haumaru hoki.
3. Kaua rawa e whakapēhia. Kaua e whakamahia he rauemi hei whakarite kia rawaka te matotoru o te tauira, kaua e whakawhirinaki ki ngā whakakī hei pupuri i te āhua. Ka taea te tu i te pāmahana 40-60 henemita, ā, ka toa i te whakamātautau pāmahana teitei i roto i te ipu, kāore rawa e whakapēhia.
4. Kāore i te ngāwari ki te whati. Ko te kaha ki te tu i te pēhanga tētahi atu tohu tino nui.
5. Kāore he wai e ringihia ana. Ko ētahi kaihanga o te whare o ngā hua rite e tuku ana i ngā taonga iti te utu, engari i muri i te wā e whakatakotoria ana, ka tīmata ngā hua ki te uru ki roto i te wai matotoru, pērā i te hinu, ā, ka puta he haunga kino e kore e taea te whakamanawanui. Nō reira, i muri i te wā roa, me te angiangi me te whakapohehe o te tauira, ka kore e taea e te hua te tū tika.
6. Ngāwari ki te tiaki me te kawe.
7. He take noa & he ahua mārama, he tae kanapa. Pērā i te pikitia i tukuna mai e koe ki ahau, he mārama te kite i ngā taipitopito. He rite tonu ā mātou hua, he tae kanapa e whakamahia ana hei tohu i ngā hanganga tinana rerekē, he mea hanga pai.